The experimental and computational results indicate that the developed approach produces accurate PRIMA-1MET mouse low-dimensional treatment models despite temporal and spatial noises in MR images and slow image acquisition rate.”
“Laser-assisted surgery is common nowadays and most of the oral soft tissue surgical procedures are done with lasers. Among the commonly available lasers today, the diode laser is the one frequently used one in dentistry. Bleeding control, visibility, and better tissue manipulation are some of the advantages of the laser. This

article addresses the management of hereditary ankyloglossia using the diode laser and conventional surgery in siblings.”
“Nucleo cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) superfamily forms a diverse group of viruses that infects a wide range of eukaryotic hosts (e.g. vertebrates, insects, protests, etc.). These viruses are characterized by a huge range in genome size (between 100 kb and 1.2 Mb), coupled with an extraordinary diverse genomic repertoire.

Here I will review some recent results that shed light on the origin and genome evolution of these viruses, introducing the idea that these viruses evolved using a complex process of genomic accordion that imply successive steps of genome expansions (duplication and gene transfers) and genome reduction, in addition to movement and amplification of diverse mobile genetic elements.”
“Gram staining is a useful technique for detecting bacteria but is highly ERK inhibitor questionable in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its detection generally requires special staining, such as Ziehl-Neelsen staining. We experienced

three cases in which tuberculosis was first suggested by Gram staining of sputum or pus, confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction or culture. To find colorless PXD101 cell line tubercle bacilli in clinical samples with various organisms, varying the focus to slightly longer and shorter during study of the slides is indispensable. We present criteria for detecting infective pulmonary tuberculosis in Gram staining. First, in the ordinary focus, weakly stained, thin, gram-positive bacilli are found; second, with a slightly longer focus distance, the thin, cord-like, conspicuous gram-positive bacilli can be observed; and third, with a shorter focus distance, the gram-positive bacilli have changed into the brightened, colorless, or ghost ones. Four laboratory technologists each evaluated 20 Gram-stained samples after being lectured on the criteria, with no prior information about the sample. They accurately evaluated the presence of the bacilli in Gram-stained preparations in more than 90% of samples containing 3+ bacilli on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Gram staining is available as an easy and rapid initial clue to recognize highly infective tuberculosis.

After MI, LV end-diastolic volume increased progressively compared with CTL; this was accompanied by time-dependent changes in specific miRs. For example, miR-21 initially decreased 2 days post-MI (0.3 +/- 0.1-fold www.selleckchem.com/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html versus CTL; P<0.05), increased 5 days post-MI (2 +/- 1-fold versus CTL; P<0.05), and returned to CTL values at later post-MI time points. In contrast, miR-29a increased 5

days post-MI (4 +/- 1-fold versus CTL; P<0.05) and then decreased to CTL at later time points. miR-208 increased 5 days post-MI (3 +/- 1-fold versus CTL; P<0.05) and remained elevated up to 90 days post-MI.

Conclusions-A time-dependent change in miRs occurred in post-MI patients, including an early and robust increase in miRs that has affected myocardial growth, fibrosis, and viability. Thus, serially profiling miRs in the plasma of post-MI patients may hold both mechanistic and prognostic significance. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2011;4:614-619.)”
“A novel tin-coupled star-shaped block copolymer www.selleckchem.com/products/ag-881.html (SB-B)(4)Sn was synthesized by anionic polymeric techniques. This new copolymer exhibited two different types: One was star-shaped polybutadiene-b-poly

(butadiene-ran-styrene) (S-PB-PSB), and the other was star-shaped polybutadiene-b-poly(butadiene-ran-styrene)-b-polystyrene (S-PB-PSB-PS). In this article, properties of (SB-B)(4)Sn were contrasted with that of tin-coupled star-shaped random styrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR) and S-SBR/cis-BR blend rubbers. Physical property testing results SRT2104 showed that (SB-B)(4)Sn possessed good mechanical properties like S-SBR. Rheological study indicated that these star-shaped block copolymers had good processing properties. Rubber processing analyzer (RPA) spectra showed that the dispersion of additives in (SB-B)(4)Sn and S-SBRI/cis-BR blend rubber was much better than that in S-SBR. Dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer

(DMTA) spectra showed that (SB-B)(4)Sn had a good combination of low rolling resistance and high wet skid resistance, which made it satisfactory materials to produce high performance tire tread. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 602-611, 2009″
“Purpose of reviewAntibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is emerging as the leading cause of chronic rejection and allograft failure. Traditionally, the mechanisms of graft injury mediated by donor-specific antibodies beyond complement activation were not well appreciated. However, an evolving paradigm of Fc-independent antibody functions, along with clinical recognition of C4d-negative AMR, has increased awareness of the action of antibodies leading to endothelial activation and dysfunction.

This is the first time that expressed recombinant human Fc-IL-18BPc has been examined for its biological activity on IL-18-induced IFN gamma in human PBMC and IL-6 in A549/IL-18R beta.”
“beta 2-glycoprotein I (2GPI)-dependent anticardiolipin autoantibodies (aCl) are associated with thrombosis and fetal loss. Some microbial pathogens can induce pathogenic antibodies find more cross-reactive with 2GPI. Sera from a significant percentage of periodontitis patients contain aCl, and some periodontal pathogens contain antigens with peptide sequences having homology to 2GPI. We hypothesized that antibodies raised against P. gingivalis (aPg) contain pathogenic aCl that

induce fetal resorption. We immunized mice with 2GPI, P. gingivalis W83, or an arg-gingipain-defective mutant of P. gingivalis (HF18). IgG fractions of aPg were learn more immunoabsorbed to remove aCl-like antibodies (abs-aPg). IgG fractions

were administered intravenously into tail veins of mated BALB/c females at day 0 of pregnancy. At day 15, the proportions of fetal resorptions were evaluated. The prevalence of fetal loss was significantly greater in the aPg group than in the control IgG group (21.2% vs. 5.3%, p = .001), and greater in the aPg group than in the abs-aPg group (21.2% vs. 12%, p < .05). There were no fetal resorptions observed in the aPgHF18 group (p = .0005 compared with aPg, p = .17 compared with control). aPg antibody contains activity consistent with pathogenic aCl, and the antigen inducing the antibodies that cause increased fetal loss may be on the arg-gingipain protease of P. gingivalis.”
“Based on the bioactive screening results, three new pregnane glycosides named as cynanauriculoside C-E (1-3), were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (Asclepiadaceae),

together with two known ones, otophylloside L (4) and cynauricuoside C (5). On the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical method, the structures of new compounds were characterized to be qingyangshengenin 3-O-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1 -> see more 4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (1), qingyangshengenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4) -alpha-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-cymaropyranoside (2) and caudatin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 -> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D- digitoxopyranoside (3). In the despair mice models, these pregnane glycosides showed significant antidepressant activity at the dosage of 50 mg/kg (i. g.). The most potent one was cyanauriculatoisde D (2), which was close to the positive control fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). (C) 2011 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The biofilms formed by opportunistic yeasts serve as a persistent reservoir of infection and impair the treatment of fungal diseases.

Using SWNTs at concentrations below 1 wt. %, the solar cell efficiency increased from 2.86% to 3.52% for 80 nm devices and from 2% to 3% in 125 nm devices at low light intensities. In both cases, the increment is because of higher fill factor with no change in short circuit current density and open circuit voltage. At higher light intensities, a 43% increase in fill

factor and a 37% increase Birinapant concentration in short circuit current density were obtained, which doubled the efficiency. These improvements were primarily because of reduced recombination through improved charge extraction by SWNTs. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3598081]“
“The cytochrome P450c17 alpha gene (CYP17) encodes a key biosynthesis enzyme of estrogen, which is critical in regulating adipogenesis and adipocyte development in humans. We therefore hypothesized that CYP17 is a candidate gene for predicting obesity. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed a family-based association MLN2238 in vitro test to investigate the relationship between the CYP17 gene and obesity phenotypes in a large sample comprising 1873 subjects

from 405 Caucasian nuclear families of European origin recruited by the Osteoporosis Research Center of Creighton University, USA. Both single SNPs and haplotypes were tested for associations with obesity-related phenotypes, including body mass index (BMI) and fat mass. We identified three SNPs to be significantly associated with BMI, including rs3740397, rs6163, and rs619824. We further characterized the linkage disequilibrium structure for CYP17 and found Selleckchem ALK inhibitor that the whole CYP17 gene was located in a single-linkage disequilibrium block. This block was observed to be significantly associated with BMI. A major haplotype in this block was significantly associated with both BMI and fat mass. In conclusion, we suggest that the CYP17 gene has an effect on obesity in the Caucasian population. Further independent studies will be needed to confirm our findings.”
“Purpose: To prospectively and intraindividually compare single-source radiofrequency (RF) excitation and dual-source parallel RF excitation in 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the

spine.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and written informed patient consent were obtained. The RF power of a 3.0-T MR imaging system was distributed to two ports of the body coil of the system by using independent RF transmit channels. The maximum B 1 field strength for dual-source parallel RF excitation was maintained, as compared with single-source RF excitation. The repetition time was reduced according to the revised RF setup with dual-source parallel RF excitation while maintaining specific energy absorption limitations. Thirty patients were examined with and without dual-source parallel RF excitation. Diagnostic quality was assessed independently by two radiologists according to a four-point grading system.

The c-axis critical current density J(c)(c) has been recently found to be orders of magnitude lower than the ab-plane critical current density J(c)(ab). Here we report on J(c)(c) (77 K, sf) values of various YBa2Cu3O7-based (YBCO) tapes with different microstructures. Our results show that the value of J(c)(c) (77 K, sf) decreases significantly with increasing concentration of ab-plane stacking faults in YBCO thin films and that the critical current anisotropy gamma = J(c)(ab)/J(c)(c)

can reach values as high as 2070, implying that in the highest-anisotropy tape, similar to 20% of the tape width carries c-axis current in a helically wound power cable. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3653292]“
“Polyurethanes with multiblock copolymers of poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(tetramethylene ICG-001 cost oxide) glycol (PTMG) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a soft segment were synthesized in situ via reactive extrusion from ?-caprolactone (CL) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane

diisocyanate ACY-241 manufacturer (MDI). The titanium alkoxide mixture generated from an ester-exchange reaction between titanium propoxide [Ti(OPr)4], and excessive PTMG or PEG was used as an initiator and catalyst. Compared to the reported fabrication of polycaprolactone-based polyurethane (PCLU), the in situ reactive extrusion preparation not only explored a new rapid route for the fabrication of PCLU but also offered a simplified, controllable approach for the production of PCLU in a successive mass scale. A series of PTMGPCLUs and PEGPCLUs with different PCL block-average degrees of polymerization (DPn’s) were prepared by only an adjustment of the relative concentration of CL in the reaction system, with a certain constant molar ratio of MDI to titanium alkoxide. 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that all of the CL monomers were converted in the polymerization, and the molecular weight of the copolymers was

about 8 x 10(4) g/mol with a polydispersity index of approximate 2.4. With an increase in the PCL block-average DPn in PTMGPCLU from 25 to 40, the tensile Crenolanib solubility dmso strength increased from 16.5 to 22.7 MPa, and the melting point increased from 46.1 to 49.5 degrees C. It was also verified by PEGPCLU prepared with organic Ti of lowered content in the initiator mixture that the mechanical properties could be greatly affected and dropped with decreasing content of organic Ti in the initiator mixture. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“We propose that the cognitive mechanisms that enable the transmission of cultural knowledge by communication between individuals constitute a system of ‘natural pedagogy’ in humans, and represent an evolutionary adaptation along the hominin lineage. We discuss three kinds of arguments that support this hypothesis.

We compared preoperative, operative, and postoperative data to evaluate any differences between the three tertiles. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 8 software.

Results: There were 66, 22, and 4 patients in the low, medium, and high nephrometry score tertiles, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the tertiles regarding warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, operative time, length of stay, change in glomerular filtration Selleck R788 rate, Clavien-graded complication rates, or any other metric. Mean

follow-up for each tertile was also similar.

Conclusions: We have routinely been using the nephrometry scoring system to anatomically describe renal masses before robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Our findings demonstrate that nephrometry-graded tumor complexity was not related to any differences in outcomes for patients with renal tumors who were selected at our institution to undergo robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. The nephrometry system remains a reproducible standardized

classification of renal tumor anatomy, but it remains to be seen if this can be used to predict surgical outcomes.”
“We report our experience with three cases of acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Case 1 complained of hydrodipsia 4 days GS-9973 molecular weight before delivery. Case 2 presented with nausea, vomiting and dizziness 6 days before delivery. Case 3 developed loss of appetite and general fatigue with jaundice 10 days before delivery. They underwent termination of pregnancy after diagnosis was made. Case 3 still developed hepatic encephalopathy, and finally she required liver transplantation. We hypothesise that the interval between the onset of symptoms and termination of pregnancy is an important factor for acuity of the disorder and patient morbidity or mortality.”
“Object. The frequency with which routine preoperative blood test results predict perioperative or postoperative complications is insignificant. The unnecessary ordering of routine tests increases the financial costs and patients’ distress. The

authors evaluated the effects of routine preoperative testing on patient management and the overall financial costs.

Methods. The authors retrospectively Screening Library datasheet reviewed the medical records and laboratory data for 355 children admitted to the neurosurgical department for elective procedures over a 5-year period (January 2008 December 2012). They excluded all patients admitted for imaging or surgical procedures requiring local anesthesia, and they recorded the results of preoperative and previous (up to 6 months before surgery) blood tests and any abnormalities noted.

Results. As a result of the 3489 blood tests ordered preoperatively for 328 (94.6%) of the 355 patients, 29 abnormalities (9%) were detected. Most of these abnormal values were near the reference range, and none significantly affected the progression of scheduled procedures. For only 1 patient (0.

Callus formation is impaired in rkp mutants, indicating a role of RKP in the plant cell cycle. RKP was demonstrated to be a functional ubiquitin E3 ligase and is able to interact with cell-cycle inhibitor find more ICK/KRP proteins in vitro. Accumulation of the protein ICK2/KRP2 was found increased in the rkp mutant. The above results strengthen the possibility that RKP might regulate the degradation of ICK/KRP proteins. In addition, the protein level of ICK2/KRP2 was decreased upon BSCTV infection. Overexpression of ICK1/KRP1 in Arabidopsis could reduce the susceptibility to BSCTV. In conclusion, we found that RKP is induced by BSCTV C4 and may affect BSCTV infection by regulating the host

cell cycle.”
“It is well recognized that dialysis patients display hugely elevated rates of cardiac mortality (1). It is also becoming appreciated that this rate of cardiovascular (CV) attrition is not driven by the same variety of risk factors or pathophysiological processes that are important in the Cl-amidine in vivo general population (2). Classical complicated atherosclerotic disease appears not to be the predominant mode of death in either hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. This increase in CV mortality is driven by a combination of sudden cardiac death and heart failure.

Intradialytic hemodynamic change is becoming increasingly appreciated as being of crucial importance in the development of the observed patterns of

CV morbidity and mortality in HD patients. Patients receiving dialysis are particularly susceptible to myocardial ischemia through a variety of mechanisms involving myocardial small vessel changes, coronary atheroma, defective vasoregulation, and reduced peripheral arterial compliance (3). Hemodialysis is capable of inducing subclinical myocardial

ischemia and this phenomenon is primarily related to ultrafiltration and hemodynamic instability. We have demonstrated that such perturbations result in highly significant changes in global and segmental myocardial blood flow consistent with the development of myocardial ischemia. The phenomenon of dialysis-induced cardiac injury is common, and around two thirds of prevalent HD patients display dialysis-induced myocardial ischemia. This is associated with YM155 purchase increased rate of cardiac arrhythmias, development of reduced systolic cardiac function, and markedly increased mortality (4). Dialysis-induced myocardial stunning is abrogated by appropriate modification of the dialysis treatment to avoid relative hypotension (5,6) and to reduce the ultrafiltration burden. Further work has shown a dose-response relationship between the abrogation of myocardial stunning and the degrees of fluid removal and hemodynamic stress (7). These findings have been confirmed in cross-sectional studies of a variety of quotidian HD schedules (8).

In contrast to HD, PD has until recently been considered to exert little, if any, significant hemodynamic effects.

As would be expected in paediatric thyroid cancer, short-term recurrence rates range from 7 to 28% in published reports (mean 17%). However, long-term studies of paediatric thyroid cancer suggest that although the 30 year disease-specific mortality rate should be about 1%, the risk of developing structural disease recurrence is nearly 30% see more (of which 80% are expected to be locoregional recurrences and 20% are probably new distant metastases). Projected over 30 years of follow-up, a 1% disease-specific mortality in this cohort of 5000 patients would equate to about 50 deaths directly attributable to thyroid cancer.

However, a 30% recurrence rate would also mean that about 1500 patients may develop a clinically meaningful recurrence that would need to be diagnosed and treated. It is imperative that we continue to work with our colleagues in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia to ensure KU-57788 solubility dmso that this large volume of patients destined to develop clinically significant

recurrences are diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Ready access to modern disease detection tools (serum thyroglobulin, postoperative neck ultrasonography, cytology/pathology support, and radioactive iodine scanning) and treatments (surgery for recurrent disease, radioactive iodine therapy) in their major academic centres are mandatory if we expect to achieve the excellent clinical outcomes that should be seen when paediatric thyroid cancer recurrence is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. (C) 2011 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of breast carcinoma with unique morphologic features and high https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blz945.html frequency of axillary lymph node metastasis. Recognizing the IMPC on cytology makes it possible to identify a group of patients with it poor

prognosis and may alter the adjuvant treatment.

Cases

We reviewed the cytologic features of 2 IMPC cases 50-year-old women. Both cases included conventional findings of IMPC, such as increased cellularity, cell clusters with angular and papillary configuration without a fibrovascular core, tumor clusters showing an “”inside-out”" pattern and the presence of single discohesive cells. Of interest, both cases included a few malignant-appearing multinucleated giant cells. The slides of I case we-re included a little mucin in the background of tumor diathesis. There were no psammoma bodies in the smears.

Conclusion

The cytologic features of IMPC are unique and should be recognized because of its tendency to infiltrate the axillary lymph nodes. In addition to well-known cytologic features of IMPC, multinucleated giant cells and a scanty amount of mucin should also alert. the cytopathologist to the possibility of IMPC.

Preventive strategies imposing a regulation of industrial production, even if fundamental, are not sufficient and need to be integrated along with other intervention addressed to make aware caregivers toward a proper surveillance of children. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: A possible contributing factor to the development of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients involves the exposure to early life stress. Objective: We explored the impact of stress on synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation, LTP) of 6-month-old triple-transgenic mice (3xTg-AD). Methods: 3xTg-AD and control (NonTg) mice

were exposed to three stressors at the age of GSK1120212 manufacturer 2 and 4 months. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region of hippocampal slices, in a two-pathway paradigm. Results: Slices taken

from 3xTg-AD mice exhibited significant deficits in LTP compared with NonTg slices. Early stress led to a further decrease in LIP in these mice, while find more it did not affect NonTg mice. LIP in 3xTg-AD and stressed 3xTg-AD mice was rescued by pre-exposure to 0.2 mu m ryanodine. In an attempt to find a molecular correlate for the effects of stress in the 3xTg-AD mice, we found that stressed mice have an altered ratio of A beta 42/40 both in the cortex and hippocannpus. Conclusions: Stress experiences in young adults may accelerate the cognitive loss in AD mice, adding another dimension to the plethora of factors buy CBL0137 that lead to AD. (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“This study was conducted to determine the residues of isoproturon and its metabolites, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-methylurea, 1-(4-isopropylphenyl) urea, and 4-isopropylanilin in soil and mature earthworms under laboratory conditions. Mature earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) were exposed for various durations (7, 15, 30, and 60 days) to soils contaminated with isoproturon concentrations

(2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg kg(-1) soil). The decrease in isoproturon concentration in the soil was inversely correlated to it’s initial concentration. The highest concentration detected for isoproturon in earthworms was observed during the first 15 days and decreased thereafter. Acute toxicity of isoproturon was investigated; total soluble protein content and glycogen of the worms were evaluated. Levels of these parameters were related to isoproturon concentration in soil and earthworms. No lethal effect of isoproturon was observed even at the concentration of 1200 mg kg(-1) soil after 60 days of exposure. A reduction of total soluble protein was observed in all treated worms (maximum 59.54%). This study suggests the use of the total soluble protein content and glycogen of earthworms as biomarkers of exposure to isoproturon. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 396-403, 2009.

Results: In general, the two opioid combination Products at equi-miotic doses produced similar prototypic opiate-like effects and psychomotor impairment, and of similar

magnitude. The higher dose of OXY/ACET produced slightly more abuse liability-related subjective effects than the higher dose of HYD/OXY, but also produced slightly more negative effects. Neither drug at either dose functioned as a reinforcer, as measured by the Multiple Choice Procedure. Relative potency ratios indicated that OXY/ACET was approximately 1.5 times more potent than HYD/ACET.

Conclusions: Consistent with a recent study published in this journal using identical doses of HYD and OXY (without ACET) in prescription opioid abusers (Walsh, S.L., Nuzzo, RA., Lofwall, M.R., Holtman.J.R., 2008. The relative abuse liability of oral oxycodone, hydrocodone and hydromorphone assessed in prescription Z IETD FMK drug abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. EPZ004777 198,

191-202), we found little difference in the pharmacodynamic effects of HYD/ACET and OXY/ACET in non-drug-abusing volunteers. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this work was to evaluate short-term and long-term exposure to terbuthylazine (TBA) in agriculture workers (AW), rural residents (RR), and urban residents (UR) using urine and hair specimens. Twelve AW, 13 RR, and 17 UR were included in the study. Urine spot samples were collected with two different protocols. AW urine samples were collected before the application season (February, U-0), at bedtime on the day of TBA application (March-May, U-1), and prior to the next shift on the day after TBA application (U-2). RR and UR urine samples were collected on any day during the application season (U-e). Hair samples were collected for all subjects before the application season (February, H-0) and at the end of the season (June, H-1). TBA and its metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. DET was exclusively

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq-ez-05-jqez5.html found in urine, while TBA was mostly found in the hair. In the AW, the urinary levels of DET were not detected in the U-0 samples, and they increased to median levels of 1.81 and 2.94 mu g/L in the U-1 and U-2 samples, respectively (p < 0.001). In the RR and UR, DET was not detected in the U-e samples. In the UR, TBA was not detected in the H-0 samples, and the median levels of TBA were 0.01 ng/mg hair in both the AW and RR In the H-1 samples, the median TBA levels were not detected, 0.01, and 0.08 ng/mg hair in the UR, RR, and AW, respectively (p < 0.001). Urinary DET and hair TBA are promising candidates for biomonitoring short- and long-term exposure to TBA. The use of this herbicide in agriculture leads to exposure in rural residents. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.