The amount of stimulus information conveyed by the pulvinar neurons and the number of stimulus-differentiating neurons were consistently higher during the second 50-ms period than during the first 50-ms period. These results suggest that responsiveness to face-like patterns during the first 50-ms period might be attributed to ascending inputs from the superior colliculus or the retina, while responsiveness to the five different stimulus categories during the second 50-ms period might be mediated by descending inputs from cortical regions. These findings provide neurophysiological

evidence for pulvinar involvement in social cognition and, specifically, rapid coarse facial information processing. The pulvinar nuclei are located in the posterior region of the thalamus and are proportionally larger in higher mammals, such as primates, having the largest dimensions in the human Selleckchem Verteporfin brain

(Browne & Simmons, 1984). The pulvinar receives visual inputs from subcortical structures, including the superficial and deep layers of the superior colliculus, and has intimate reciprocal connections with a wide variety of cortical areas (Benevento & Fallon, 1975; Linke et al., 1999; Grieve et al., 2000; Kaas & Lyon, 2007). These neuroanatomical studies suggest that the pulvinar forms a subcortical visual route to the cortex that bypasses the striate cortex (Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010). Indeed, human subjects and monkeys with lesions in the striate cortex (V1) display a wide range of residual visual functions in the blind area (i.e. blindsight; Stoerig & Cowey, 1997). Monkeys with striate cortex selleck lesions can discriminate spatial localization (Solomon et al., 1981), luminous flux (Pasik & Pasik, 1973), colors and figures (Schilder et al., 1972). Human subjects with V1 lesions Palbociclib nmr can

also respond differentially to spatial localization of stationary and moving stimuli (Perenin & Jeannerod, 1975; Blythe et al., 1987), motion direction (Barbur et al., 1980; Perenin, 1991), line orientation (Weiskrantz, 1987), wavelength (Morland et al., 1999) and form (Perenin & Rossetti, 1996). Consistent with these findings, some pulvinar neurons have retinotopically specific receptive fields and respond to moving stimuli with various directions, while the activity of other pulvinar neurons is modulated by spatial attention (Robinson, 1993). These pulvinar neurons might send visual information directly to the middle temporal area, accounting for some residual visual functions, especially spatial functions (Berman & Wurtz, 2010, 2011). The pulvinar also projects to other subcortical areas such as the amygdala and striatum (Day-Brown et al., 2010; Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010; Tamietto & de Gelder, 2010). These subcortical routes might be involved in rapid processing of emotional stimuli (Tamietto & de Gelder, 2010).

A multicentre observational database analysis was carried out. Data for patients whose highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regime had been unchanged for ≥ 6 months by 1 January 2008, whose first two PVL measurements of 2008 were < 40 copies/mL and who had at least five PVL measurements between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2010 were extracted check details from a multicentre observational database of 4928 patients

receiving HAART. PVL assays used during this period had a detection threshold of 20 or 40 copies/mL. Undetectable PVL at baseline (BLPCRneg) was defined as PCRneg at the first two PVL determinations of 2008. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate factors associated with the occurrence of blips and VF, defined as two consecutive PVL measurements > 40 copies/mL. Of the 1957 patients included in the study (mean age 47 years; median antiretroviral exposure

10.3 years), 1312 had BLPCRneg. Outcome events included 322 blips and 139 VFs, with incidence rates being significantly lower in patients with BLPCRneg than in those with BLPCRpos [13.0% vs. 23.4% (P < 0.0001) and 5.1% vs. 11.2% (P < 0.0001), respectively]. In multivariable analysis, BLPCRneg was associated Selleckchem IDH inhibitor with a reduced risk of blips [hazard ratio (HR) 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47–0.73; P < 0.0001] and VF (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.31–0.62; P < 0.0001). Patients with PCRneg had better virological outcomes than those with PVL < 40 copies/mL but detectable viraemia. This suggests that the ‘no-signal’ information provided by currently

commercially available HIV RNA quantification assays should be used routinely. “
“As a switch from chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 [CCR5 (R5)] to chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 [CXCR4 (X4)] HIV-1 tropism is associated with symptomatic and AIDS stages of infection, while chemokine receptor gene variants modify the tempo of HIV disease progression, we aimed to analyse the association between pretreatment HIV-1 tropism and chemokine polymorphisms known to restrict disease progression. V3 genotype tropism prediction was performed in a group of 221 treatment-naïve patients, with subsequent CCR5 Δ32 (rs333), Amobarbital CCR2 V64I (rs1799864), CCR5 promoter (−627 C/T; rs1799988) and CX3CR1 V249I (rs3732378) genotyping performed in 206 patients. Alleles with a protective effect were assigned positive values while risk alleles were assigned negative values to calculate genetic scores. χ2 tests, Mann−Whitney U-tests and logistic and linear regression models were used for statistical analyses. R5 tropism was found in 85.5% of patients (n = 189) using a false positive rate (FPR) of 5.75% and in 72.8% of patients (n = 161) using an FPR of 10%. A higher frequency of the 5.75% FPR predicted R5 tropism was associated with the CX3CR1 A allele (P = 0.027). Lower additive genetic scores were associated with an increased frequency of 5.75% FPR predicted R5 tropism (P = 0.

Therefore, hypoxic cancer

cells have to deal with the toxic effect of ROS; however, if cancer cells have already acquired gene mutations, for instance mutated p53, which overcomes apoptosis signals triggered by H/R,45 these cells have an increased probability of gaining additional mutations. Although learn more ROS can generate various types of modified bases in DNA, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G) is frequently generated.46 For example, the hypoxic human cervical cancer cells, HeLa, placed under 1% oxygen for 24 h, produced excessive amounts of ROS at 30 min after reoxygenation.47 This overproduction of ROS was transient and lasted for 2 h after re-oxygenation. Simultaneously, the same cell population generating ROS also exhibited extensive DNA damage with 8-oxoguanine.47 The 8-oxo-G:C

pair, if not repaired, generates G:C > T:A or A:T > C:G transversions. These mutations are frequently found in sporadic human cancers, including lung, breast, ovarian, gastric and colon cancers.48 In in vivo and in vitro hypoxia models, an increase in transversion mutations, RG7204 order such as G:C > T:A and A:T > G:C, has been reported,10 suggesting an important carcinogenic role of ROS generated by H/R in tumor tissues. Reactive oxygen species also induce DNA slippage mutations at microsatellite sequences in human cells. When human lung cancer cells carrying plasmid vector with cytosine-adenine (CA) repeats were treated with ROS generating chemicals, paraquat and H2O2, a significant increase Farnesyltransferase in deletion or insertion mutations was observed within CA repeats.49 Similarly, Gasche et al. showed that the frequency of microsatellite mutations (CA repeats) in transfected plasmids was increased by H2O2 treatment in human colon cancer cells.50 Yamada et al. examined the effect of H2O2 treatment on mutation frequencies of mononucleotide (A or G repeats) and di-nucleotide repeats (CA repeats) in non-cancer human diploid cell lines. They found that H2O2 treatment decreased the mutation

frequency of mononucleotide repeats, but increased the mutation frequency of di-nucleotide repeats in non-cancer diploid human cells. They speculated that ROS induces low levels of mutations in di-nucleotide repeats.51 In accordance with the effect of ROS on microsatellite loci in human cells, Chang et al. reported that non-toxic levels of H2O2 impair mismatch repair activity,52 which leads to DNA slippage mutations at microsatellite loci (see below). In order to faithfully transmit genetic information to a progenitor cell, the cell is equipped with mechanisms that sense DNA damage in the genome (sensor), transmit a DNA damage-signal to repair system and cell cycle machinery (signal), and target a cell for apoptosis if damage is not repaired (effector). There is some evidence that H/R activates DNA damage response.

oligospora ORS 18692 S7 and could enhance fungal activity against the nematode, but the mechanisms were unknown (Duponnois et al., 1998). The mechanisms by which Chryseobacterium sp. TFB-induced traps in A. oligospora are being investigated. The addition of nutrients decreased the formation of MT and CT. This type of trap formation is in agreement with studies where a low nutrient status might favour the initiation of trap formation (Nordbring-Hertz, 1973, 1977; Friman et al., 1985; Persmark & Nordbring-Hertz,

1997). However, very low nutrient Dabrafenib nmr levels could decrease the induciveness for trap formation. It is possible that at very low nutrient levels, bacteria produce fewer metabolites that can enhance the attachment of its cell to fungal hyphae, and thus it induced fewer traps in fungi. Nematode-trapping fungi are facultative parasites of nematodes with varying saprophytic/parasitic ability (Cooke, 1964). They may be divided into the spontaneous trap formers (in our study A. dactyloides and M. ellipsosporum), which are considered as efficient parasites, and the nonspontaneous trap formers (in our study A. oligospora and A. musiformis), which are considered as good saprophytes. The study of Persmark & Nordbring-Hertz (1997) showed that fungi with the highest saprophytic ability had the lowest capacity

GSK126 solubility dmso to form CT when cultured with soil bacteria. However, in our study, A. oligospora showed the highest capacity. The recent study (Warmink et al., 2009) supported the viewpoint that the fungal mycosphere could indeed exert a selective pressure on particular soil bacteria. In our study, Chryseobacterium sp. TFB was isolated from the soil in which A. oligospora was the preponderant

species (Zhang et al., 2005). Thus, it is possible that this bacterium may be selected by A. oligospora and can induce traps in A. oligospora Thiamine-diphosphate kinase efficiently. We are currently examining this possibility. This work was performed with financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 20762014, 50761007 and u1036602) and the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan province (Grant no. 2006E0008Q). We are grateful to Dr J-P Xu (McMaster University, Canada) for his critical reading of this manuscript. L.L. and M.M. contributed equally to this work. Fig. S1. Influence of Chryseobacterium sp. TFB cell-free filtrates (CF) on Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fig. S2. Effect of nutrient addition on trap formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora by Chryseobacterium sp. TFB cells (1.67×107 CFU mL-1) with bacterial cell-free culture filtrate (20%). Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Of the 41 non-infectious aortitis cases, 29, six and six had idiopathic aortitis, Takayasu’s arteritis and Behcet’s aortitis, respectively. Of the 29 idiopathic aortitis cases, three had IgG4-related aortitis. All were male and > 65 years of age. Two had thoracic aortic aneurysms and one had an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Their IgG4-positive plasma cell counts were 60/HPF or higher; lymphoplasmacytic

infiltration and/or fibrosis, but not obliterative phlebitis, were observed. The IgG4-related aortitis cases were older (67 [range, 65–69] years) than the Takayasu’s arteritis (47.5 [38–58] years) or Behcet’s aortitis (47 [31–56] years) cases and more likely to be male than the Takayasu’s arteritis cases (100% vs. 17%). In patients with chronic aortic inflammation, 7% had IgG4-related aortitis. This disease may be more common in older male patients than in other demographic groups. “
“Background:  High body selleck mass index (BMI) may have modulatory effects on the immune system. Objectives:  To determine the association between BMI and polymyalgia rheumatica BIBF 1120 mouse (PMR) as well as the influence of BMI on glucocorticoid treatment duration and development of giant-cell arteritis (GCA) in patients with PMR. Methods:  The BMI of 364 patients with PMR from a population-based incidence cohort was compared

to the BMI of non-PMR subjects from the same population. High and low BMI were defined as ≥ 25 and < 18.5 kg/m2, respectively. The association between BMI and case status was determined. The association between BMI and the duration of tuclazepam glucocorticoid therapy, as well as the development of GCA after accounting for relevant variables, were also examined. Results:  The mean BMI at index was similar in both groups (PMR: 26 ± 5.4 kg/m2; non-PMR: 25.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2, P = 0.83). There was no association between BMI and the duration of glucocorticoid therapy. No significant association was found between BMI and the development of GCA in patients with PMR. Conclusion:  Patients with high BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) are not more likely to develop

PMR. BMI did not influence the duration of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of GCA in patients with PMR. “
“Glucose metabolism not only provides energy for physical activity but also mediates a variety of physiological processes through the formation of complex signalling networks. Recent studies have indicated that glucose metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease involving the inflammation of joints. Herein, we review recent progress in this area. Evidence indicates that RA synovial tissues have increased glycolytic activity, which leads to an acidic microenvironment that further induced the transformation of normal synovial cells. Enhanced glycolysis activity is related to hypoxia in RA synovial membranes.

1 mm, and a few beads of 2 mm diameter) three times for 45 s at 6.5 m s−1. Samples were centrifuged, filtered (0.22 μm), diluted 1 : 20 with 70% MeOH, and infused at 120 μL h−1. ICR-FT/MS was externally calibrated on clusters of arginine (10 ppm in 70% MeOH). A time domain transient of 2 megawords was used, and 300 scans were accumulated for one spectrum. Spectra were internally calibrated

with an error of ≤ 0.1 ppm, exported with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, and aligned within a 1 ppm window. Putative metabolites were annotated using MassTRIX (Wägele et al., 2012). Only masses found in all replicates were considered and analyzed in Genedata Expressionist for MS 7.6 (Genedata, Martinsried). Promoters were searched by bprom (Softberry Inc., New York) and terminators by webgester db (Mitra et al., 2011). Microarray HSP inhibitor clinical trial data were accessed from the Gene Expression Database (genexpdb, http://genexpdb.ou.edu/index.php, see Table 1). Sequences were searched with learn more blastp or tblastn (NCBI, http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, default parameters) using YaaW (Z0011) as query (Table S2). The evolutionary history of all species was inferred using the software package mega5 with a concatemer of 16s rRNA gene, atpD, adk, gyrB, purA, and recA by Minimum Evolution using p-distance. The bootstrap consensus was inferred from 1000 replicates

(Tamura et al., 2011). For some strains, not all sequences were available, and thus close relatives were used as surrogate, for example, some genes of Comamonas testosteroni CNB-2 were used for the yaaW-bearing strain ATCC 11996. The presence of htgA was detected using pairwise blastp

alignments with htgA (Z0012) as query (starting from the first GTG). htgA/yaaW sequences were examined for their nonsynonymous over synonymous rate ratio ω as described (Sabath et al., 2008; Sabath & Graur, 2010) including correction for multiple testing according to Benjamini & Hochberg (1995), after omitting alignment gaps (Tamura et al., 2011). 5′-RACE determined the major 5′-end of the + 1 transcription start of htgA to be 135 bp upstream. However, minor sites might be present, since Missiakas Metalloexopeptidase et al. (1993) found a site 82 bp upstream; others were predicted 98 (BProm) or 114 bp (Tutukina et al., 2007) upstream of the CTG-start codon of htgA. The upstream region of htgA was successfully tested for promoter activity using a promoterless gfp reporter. No terminator could be detected directly downstream of htgA but was detected downstream of dnaK (Fig. 1). Recently, strand-specific transcriptome sequencing showed that htgA is transcribed, albeit weakly, at some nonlaboratory growth conditions only (R. Landstorfer, S. Simon, S. Schober, D. Keim, S. Scherer & K. Neuhaus, unpublished data). The 5′-RACE major transcription start site of yaaW is 32 bp upstream of yaaI, but a minor site, 107 bp upstream of yaaW, was also detected.

Methods.  The sample was split in two groups: asthma group (AG), composed of 65 patients who attended Public Health Service; asthma-free group (AFG), composed of 65 nonasthmatic children/adolescents recruited in two public schools. Stimulated

salivary samples were collected for 3 min. Buffering capacity and pH were ascertained in each salivary sample. A single selleck screening library trained and calibrated examiner (kappa = 0.98) performed the dental caries examination according to WHO criteria. Results.  The AFG showed salivary flow rate (1.10 ± 0.63 mL/min) higher (P = 0.002) than AG (0.80 ± 0.50 mL/min). An inverse relationship was observed between asthma severity and salivary flow rate (Phi coefficient, rφ: 0.79, P = 0.0001). Children with moderate or severe asthma showed an increased risk AZD6244 clinical trial for reduced salivary flow rate (OR: 17.15, P < 0.001). No association was observed between drug use frequency (P > 0.05) and drug type (P > 0.05) with salivary flow rate. Buffering capacity was similar in both groups. No significant differences were encountered in dental caries experience between AFG and AG groups. Conclusions.  Although asthma can cause

reduction in flow rate, the illness did not seem to influence dental caries experience in children with access to proper dental care. “
“Salt fluoridation is considered a cost-effective community strategy for reducing caries. To evaluate the effect of school-based and domestic distribution of F-salt to schoolchildren residing in a disadvantaged community. Seven hundred and thirty-three schoolchildren (12–14 years), attending two public schools, were enrolled; one was assigned to intervention (IS), whereas the other served as reference (RS). Subjects in IS were given access to F-salt

(250 ppm F) in marked jars at school lunch and through free supply for domestic use. The 2-year caries increment and progression Meloxicam rate, assessed from bitewing radiographs, was scored. Information on diet, oral hygiene, and fluoride exposure was collected through a baseline questionnaire. The dropout rate was high (IS 27%; RS 18%). At baseline, the IS children displayed more unfavourable risk factors and a higher caries experience than RS children. There were no significant differences in total caries increment or proximal progression rate between the two schools. A negative correlation (r = −0.29; P < 0.05) between the amount of delivered salt and the caries progression rate was, however, noted. No side effects were reported. F-salt was not effective in this setting. Still, the findings indicate that salt may be a beneficial source of fluoride in schoolchildren provided that compliance can be secured. "
“The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of erosion in a birth cohort at 24, 36, and 48 months and to investigate risk factors for erosion. One hundred and fifty-four children from a birth cohort were followed at 24, 36, and 48 months of age.

6% of cases, a figure that is consistent with estimates of 6 to 11% reported http://www.selleckchem.com/erk.html in three previous studies from France, the United States, and Canada,5,20,22 but better than the 26 to 27% observed in two other studies from Canada3 and the United States21 (Table 2). We observed statistically significantly fewer incorrect uses of anti-malarials in the treatment

of patients with diagnosis of P falciparum infection (3.9%) than in the treatment of P vivax (29.1%), a data consistent with the results of the studies of Kain, Singh, and Ranque.3,5,21 However, in a study from the United States, incorrect use in anti-malarial therapy was much more frequent in the treatment of P falciparum infection.20 Inappropriate initial anti-malarial therapy is of great concern especially in the case of P falciparum malaria as this infection may run a life-threatening HKI-272 chemical structure course. In our study, all the errors made in the treatment

of P falciparum infection should be considered serious errors as they regarded the selection of the wrong drug relative to the travel history (ie, chloroquine for patients coming from areas of chloroquine-resistance) or to the inappropriate consideration of the clinical presentation (ie, the use of mefloquine in patients with signs, or laboratory evidence of, severe malaria). In the three series reporting errors in anti-malarial therapy, we have calculated that serious treatment errors occurred, respectively, in tuclazepam 5.4%,21

17.2%,20 and 18%3 of P falciparum infections. Even though two studies have clearly demonstrated that receiving inappropriate initial anti-malarial treatment was significantly associated with treatment employed at community hospital3 or to the absence of infectious disease specialist consultation,21 our present experience highlights that these errors occur also in a highly specialized setting. Moreover, our study shows that although almost 76% (222/291) of patients received four appropriate regimens (ie, mefloquine, quinine, quinine + doxycycline, and chloroquine + primaquine) the remaining patients were treated with nine different regimens; however, similar results are observed reviewing the published papers on malaria in travelers when treatment is detailed.3,5,20–22 In our experience, this unacceptable high variability of the drug regimen chosen is probably the consequence of the high number of physicians in charge, together with the absence of in-house “user-friendly” treatment guidelines. In our study, mefloquine was the most frequently employed drug for the treatment of uncomplicated P falciparum malaria with an overall frequency of adverse effects documented in 19.5% of patients. Although our study was retrospective and not specifically addressed to evaluate tolerance, mefloquine was generally well-tolerated, with only one case of drug discontinuation. This is in contrast with the results of a French multicenter study showing a 4.

The travel destination, Bad Tatzmannsdorf, is a small resort town (1,300 inhabitants) in a rural part of eastern Austria with a spa treatment center, two rehabilitation centers, and several hotels encircling a large park. Spa therapy is a common form of treatment in Austria incorporating treatments such as massages, baths, mud packs, exercise treatment, and health counseling administered during a 3-week stay at a resort.[31] The aim is to improve health especially in regard to chronic musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular

risk factors. The costs for spa therapy including the stay at the health resort are covered by public health insurance. Individuals participating in this study lived in a hotel. A daily learn more BP value was calculated as mean of the morning and evening BP readings after imputing missing values in both readings using linear interpolation. On average, 2.3% of the morning BP measurements and 11.1% of the evening BP measurements were missing. The correlation between morning and evening baseline BP was r = 0.84/0.69 (systolic/diastolic). High correlations between morning and evening BP measures (r = 0.90/0.88)

previously have been reported in literature.[32] The late afternoon measures were excluded due to frequent missing values, large differences in recording time and the potential of being affected to a greater extent by daily chores and work. The correlation of baseline home BP measurements and clinical BP assessment made on the first day of the study is r = 0.72/0.62, thus documenting an acceptable Amisulpride validity of the home

BP measurement. The quality of sleep and mood were recorded in a VE-821 order diary on 7-point Likert scales. The phrasing was “last night, I slept very poorly/very well” and “today I am in very bad/in very good mood.” On average, 1.6% of the sleep or mood measures were missing. These again were imputed using linear interpolation. This format of single item measures was used on grounds of acceptability for participants, as the diary had to be filled out on a daily basis over 9 weeks. Single item self-report measures are used for the assessment of different aspects of health and well-being and are generally considered to have good reliability.[33, 34] The correlation of baseline quality of sleep and the average number of nocturnal awakenings reported at the onset of the study was r = 0.52, thus indicating some cross-validity of the used sleep scale. The correlations of baseline mood with the scales “negative mood” of a well-known standardized German quality of life questionnaire[35] as well as with “burnout,” a well-known standardized measure of general well-being,[36, 37] was r = −0.43 and r = −0.56, respectively, indicating an acceptable validity for assessing general well-being. As a reference value for every-day home-based life, a baseline value (BL) was calculated as average of the 3-week period prior to the temporary change of residence.

The travel destination, Bad Tatzmannsdorf, is a small resort town (1,300 inhabitants) in a rural part of eastern Austria with a spa treatment center, two rehabilitation centers, and several hotels encircling a large park. Spa therapy is a common form of treatment in Austria incorporating treatments such as massages, baths, mud packs, exercise treatment, and health counseling administered during a 3-week stay at a resort.[31] The aim is to improve health especially in regard to chronic musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular

risk factors. The costs for spa therapy including the stay at the health resort are covered by public health insurance. Individuals participating in this study lived in a hotel. A daily selleck chemicals llc BP value was calculated as mean of the morning and evening BP readings after imputing missing values in both readings using linear interpolation. On average, 2.3% of the morning BP measurements and 11.1% of the evening BP measurements were missing. The correlation between morning and evening baseline BP was r = 0.84/0.69 (systolic/diastolic). High correlations between morning and evening BP measures (r = 0.90/0.88)

previously have been reported in literature.[32] The late afternoon measures were excluded due to frequent missing values, large differences in recording time and the potential of being affected to a greater extent by daily chores and work. The correlation of baseline home BP measurements and clinical BP assessment made on the first day of the study is r = 0.72/0.62, thus documenting an acceptable unless validity of the home

BP measurement. The quality of sleep and mood were recorded in a CX-5461 molecular weight diary on 7-point Likert scales. The phrasing was “last night, I slept very poorly/very well” and “today I am in very bad/in very good mood.” On average, 1.6% of the sleep or mood measures were missing. These again were imputed using linear interpolation. This format of single item measures was used on grounds of acceptability for participants, as the diary had to be filled out on a daily basis over 9 weeks. Single item self-report measures are used for the assessment of different aspects of health and well-being and are generally considered to have good reliability.[33, 34] The correlation of baseline quality of sleep and the average number of nocturnal awakenings reported at the onset of the study was r = 0.52, thus indicating some cross-validity of the used sleep scale. The correlations of baseline mood with the scales “negative mood” of a well-known standardized German quality of life questionnaire[35] as well as with “burnout,” a well-known standardized measure of general well-being,[36, 37] was r = −0.43 and r = −0.56, respectively, indicating an acceptable validity for assessing general well-being. As a reference value for every-day home-based life, a baseline value (BL) was calculated as average of the 3-week period prior to the temporary change of residence.