Results: In general, the two opioid combination Products at equi-miotic doses produced similar prototypic opiate-like effects and psychomotor impairment, and of similar

magnitude. The higher dose of OXY/ACET produced slightly more abuse liability-related subjective effects than the higher dose of HYD/OXY, but also produced slightly more negative effects. Neither drug at either dose functioned as a reinforcer, as measured by the Multiple Choice Procedure. Relative potency ratios indicated that OXY/ACET was approximately 1.5 times more potent than HYD/ACET.

Conclusions: Consistent with a recent study published in this journal using identical doses of HYD and OXY (without ACET) in prescription opioid abusers (Walsh, S.L., Nuzzo, RA., Lofwall, M.R., Holtman.J.R., 2008. The relative abuse liability of oral oxycodone, hydrocodone and hydromorphone assessed in prescription Z IETD FMK drug abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. EPZ004777 198,

191-202), we found little difference in the pharmacodynamic effects of HYD/ACET and OXY/ACET in non-drug-abusing volunteers. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this work was to evaluate short-term and long-term exposure to terbuthylazine (TBA) in agriculture workers (AW), rural residents (RR), and urban residents (UR) using urine and hair specimens. Twelve AW, 13 RR, and 17 UR were included in the study. Urine spot samples were collected with two different protocols. AW urine samples were collected before the application season (February, U-0), at bedtime on the day of TBA application (March-May, U-1), and prior to the next shift on the day after TBA application (U-2). RR and UR urine samples were collected on any day during the application season (U-e). Hair samples were collected for all subjects before the application season (February, H-0) and at the end of the season (June, H-1). TBA and its metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. DET was exclusively

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq-ez-05-jqez5.html found in urine, while TBA was mostly found in the hair. In the AW, the urinary levels of DET were not detected in the U-0 samples, and they increased to median levels of 1.81 and 2.94 mu g/L in the U-1 and U-2 samples, respectively (p < 0.001). In the RR and UR, DET was not detected in the U-e samples. In the UR, TBA was not detected in the H-0 samples, and the median levels of TBA were 0.01 ng/mg hair in both the AW and RR In the H-1 samples, the median TBA levels were not detected, 0.01, and 0.08 ng/mg hair in the UR, RR, and AW, respectively (p < 0.001). Urinary DET and hair TBA are promising candidates for biomonitoring short- and long-term exposure to TBA. The use of this herbicide in agriculture leads to exposure in rural residents. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.