Methods. This study involved two large cross-sectional surveys (Helseundersokelsen i Nord-Trondelag learn more [HUNT] 2 and 3) of inhabitants in Nord-Trondelag county aged >= 20 years

performed in 1995-97 (N = 92,936) and 2006-08 (N = 94,194). Attendance rates were 70 and 42%, respectively. Respondents with chronic MSCs were identified through the screening question “”Have you during the last year continuously for at least 3 months had pain and/or stiffness in muscles and joints?”" The reliability of the screening question was evaluated in a random sample of participants (N = 563).

Results. The reliability of the screening question was good (kappa value 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53-0.73). In HUNT 3, 48% had chronic MSCs and 20% had chronic widespread MSCs. The age-adjusted prevalence of chronic MSCs was higher (P < 0.001) in HUNT 3 (47.9%, 95% CI 47.6-48.2) compared with HUNT 2 (44.8%, 95% CI 44.5-45.2), evident for both genders, and most prominent in the age group 20-29 years. Chronic widespread MSCs were more common in HUNT 3 than in HUNT 2 among women (28.2 vs 26.0%, P < 0.001). Increased prevalence during the 11-year GSI-IX cost period was also found in

supplementary analyses evaluating the influence of differences in participation rate.

Conclusions. The prevalence of chronic MSCs and chronic widespread MSCs is high. The prevalence of chronic MSCs increased during the 11-year period. A nonresponse bias interfering with the comparisons over time could not completely

be ruled out.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate weather contraceptive failure rates among combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP), patch, and vaginal ring users was associated with increasing body mass index (BMI).

METHODS: Females enrolled in a large contraceptive study offering the reversible method of their choice at no cost were followed-up for 2-3 years. We compared the failure rates (pregnancy) among users of the OCP, transdermal patch, and contraceptive vaginal ring stratified by BMI.

RESULTS: selleck Among the 7,486 participants available for this analysis, 1,523 chose OCPs, patch, or ring at enrollment. Of the 334 unintended pregnancies, 128 were found to be a result of OCP, patch, or ring failure. Three-year failure rates were not different across BMI categories (BMI less than 25 8.44%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-11.5; BMI 25-30 11.03%, 95% CI 7.5-16.0; BMI more than 30 8.92%, 95% confidence interval 7.6-11.5). Increasing parity (hazard ratio [HR] 3.06, CI 1.31-7.18) and history of a previous unintended pregnancy (HR 2.82, CI 1.63-4.87), but not BMI, were significant risk factors for unintended pregnancy.

CONCLUSION: Overweight and obese females do not appear to be at increased risk for contraceptive failure when using the OCP, patch, or vaginal ring. (Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:585-92) DOI: http://10.1097/AOG. 0b013e31828317cc”
“Objective. To examine the association between pain and functional capacity levels.

Desing.

5 to 6 T are reported.

The mechanism at the origin of the coercivity is also modified from a nucleation selleck chemical type for SmCo5 to a pinning type for the Ga or Al containing compounds. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3339776]“
“Sorption kinetic data for the interaction of water vapor with flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were analyzed used the parallel exponential kinetics (PEK) model, with excellent fits to the data being obtained. The PEK model is the sum of two exponential kinetics processes (fast and slow), which have characteristic times and moisture contents associated with them. The slow adsorption and desorption processes exhibited important differences in their characteristic times, although hysteresis in the moisture contents was found to be predominantly associated with the fast process. The kinetics was examined over a range of relative

humidity (RH) values and at different temperatures, enabling the determination of activation energies for the adsorption and desorption kinetic processes throughout the hygroscopic range (from 5-95%, RH). (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 21662173, 2010″
“This prospective case-cohort study compared subjective well-being Napabucasin cell line (SWB) among mothers whose children had various degrees of congenital heart defects (CHD) with mothers of children without CHD (controls).

Nationwide CHD registry data were linked to data collected from the Norwegian Mother and Child Napabucasin clinical trial Cohort Study at gestational week 30, 6 months, and 36 months postpartum. A total of 175 mothers of children with mild, moderate, and severe CHD were identified in a cohort of 44,144 mothers. The SWB index was operationalized by means of three subscales: a cognitive aspect, positive affect, and negative affect.

Mothers of children with severe CHD reported significantly lower SWB than the controls at 6 months postpartum (p = .003), with further decrease in

SWB at 36 months postpartum (p = .001). SWB levels in the mild and moderate CHD group did not deviate significantly from controls.

The findings suggest a pattern in which all stressors concerning the severely ill child lead to significant deterioration of maternal well-being. Having a child with mild or moderate CHD, which is a less severe and shorter-term stressor, did not reduce mothers’ well-being.”
“We summarize conclusions drawn from a panel discussion at the “”Fifth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition”" about the roles of and emphasis on food, plant food, and vegetarianism in current and future US dietary guidelines. The most general recommendation of the panel was that future dietary guidelines, following the lead of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, should emphasize food-based recommendations and thinking to the full extent that evidence allows.

Physicians should carefully examine for foreign bodies and remove them, if present. The goals of treatment include pain control, prevention of infection, and healing. Pain relief may be achieved with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral analgesics. Evidence

does not support the use of topical cycloplegics for uncomplicated corneal abrasions. Patching is not recommended because it does not improve pain and has the potential to delay healing. Although evidence is lacking, topical antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent bacterial superinfection. Contact lens related abrasions should be treated with antipseudomonal topical antibiotics. Follow-up may not be necessary for patients with small (4 mm or less), uncomplicated abrasions; normal https://www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html vision; and resolving symptoms. All other patients should be reevaluated in 24 hours. Referral

MDV3100 in vitro is indicated for any patient with symptoms that do not improve or that worsen, a corneal infiltrate or ulcer, significant vision loss, or a penetrating eye injury. (Am Fam Physician. 2013; 87(2):114-120. Copyright (C) 2013 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“The clear cells of Toker are a mysterious population of intra-epidermal glandular cells. They were originally described in nipples, but were recently observed in the vulva as well. It was hypothesized that intra-epidermal embryonic remnants or underlying glands were a potential source. The embryological aspects were investigated by

studying specimens of the anogenital region of 18 male and 15 female fetuses between 12 and 39 weeks gestation. The search for Toker cells was enhanced by cytokeratin (CK) 7 immunohistochemistry. The investigation showed that Toker cell elements are a normal, though highly variable constituent of the developing anogenital region. The study revealed the following: (1) single intra-epidermal glandular vesicles near follicular anlages in interlabial sulcuses of female fetuses of 15 and 16.5 weeks gestation; (2) CK7+ solitary cells, clusters, and vesicles which were related to developing intra-epidermal follicular canal tracks and tended to disperse inside the epidermis in fetuses of approximately 18 weeks gestation; (3) dispersed CK7+ cells in fetuses of click here 19-23 weeks gestation; (4) characteristic CK7+ Toker cell proliferations in fetuses more than 23 weeks gestation. These observations indicate that in the anogenital region, primordial follicular cells programmed to participate in the formation of apocrine and mammary-like glands, become displaced into the epidermis where they disperse, and proliferate into Toker cell populations. However, the proximity of Toker cells to CK7+ cells in excretory ducts of late fetal apocrine and mammary-like glands suggested a possible additional source. Consequences for Toker cells of the breast and primary Paget disease are discussed.

28; CI, 0.97-1.69; p = 0.08).

Conclusions: In blunt trauma patients with or without TBI, elevated admission SBP was associated with worse selleck products delayed outcomes. Prospective research is necessary to determine whether algorithms that manage elevated blood pressure after trauma, especially after TBI, affect mortality or pneumonia.”
“Metastasis of ovarian carcinoma to the small bowel parenchyma without peritoneal dissemination is uncommon. A 63-year-old

woman underwent surgery for a clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary and received adjuvant chemotherapy. Eighteen months after the operation, she presented with recurrent occult bowel hemorrhage without evidence of an abdominal mass. Nine months later, a rapidly growing abdominal mass was detected. Laparoscopy revealed a solitary tumor of the ileum covered with an intact serosal layer. Partial ileectomy was performed for tumor resection. Histological examination revealed cells resembling the primary ovarian tumor in the mucosal surface of the small bowel along with an intact serosa. The tumor cells were

positive for cytokeratin 7 and negative for cytokeratin 20, suggesting an ovarian origin. This is the first report of solitary metastasis of an ovarian carcinoma to the small bowel parenchyma without peritoneal dissemination. Metastasis to the small bowel should be considered in ovarian carcinoma patients with occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage.”
“Prostatic neuroanatomy is difficult to visualize intraoperatively and can be extremely variable. Damage to these nerves during prostatectomies may lead to postoperative complications selleck Baf-A1 datasheet such as erectile dysfunction and incontinence. This review aims to discuss the prostatic neuroanatomy, sites of potential nerve damage during a prostatectomy,

and nerve-mapping technologies being developed to prevent neural injury. These technologies include stimulation, dyes, and direct visualization. Nerve stimulation works by testing an area and observing a physiologic response but is limited by the long half-life for an erectile response; examples include CaverMap, ProPep, and optical nerve stimulation. Few nerve dyes have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because of the extensive testing required; examples of nerve dyes include compounds from Avelas and General Electric, fluorescent cholera toxin subunit B, indocyanine green, fluorescent inactivated herpes simplex 2, and Fluoro-Gold. Direct visualization techniques have a simpler FDA approval process; examples include optical coherence tomography, multiphoton microscopy, ultrasound, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Many researchers are developing several novel technologies that can be categorized as stimulation based, dye-based, or direct visualization. As of yet, none has shown clear evidence to improve surgical outcomes and consequently lack wide adoption. Further development of these technologies may lead to improved complication rates after prostatectomies.

Conclusion. The CBCT-based model generation used in this study provided high-quality AZD9291 in vivo model definition of the 3 individual patients of different ages. FEA has great potential to predict bone responses to paradigms of mechanical activity. Future applications of FEA will include surgical planning, surgical hardware testing, and the design of scaffolds and tissue-engineered constructs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod

2010;110:301-309)”
“Light extraction efficiency improvement and strain relaxation were observed in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) nanopillars. InGaN/GaN MQW-based LED nanopillar arrays with different diameters varying from about 120 to 250 nm were fabricated via inductively coupled plasma etching using Ni self-assembled nanodots as etching mask. The ray trace method and TiberCAD were used to calculate the light extraction efficiency and strain relaxation in the nanopillars. Remarkably improved light extraction efficiency and strain relaxation were obtained from the calculation results in the nanopillar structures. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3580477]“
“Frost resistant

mutants of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis were investigated for the presence of CBF/DREB1 and COR15a gene products and induced frost resistance. Total RNA of clones was isolated after 3 h, 6 h, 24h and 14 d acclimation at 4 C and proteins and free proline were isolated after 14 d acclimation. cDNA was produced using RT-PCR and the first CBF gene in B. oleracea detected and did quantify. Through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the COR15a protein was detected for the first IWR-1-endo clinical trial time in B. oleracea. Selleckchem KU 57788 The results confirmed the first report

of the presence of BoCBF/DREB1 in B. oleracea and this only appeared under cold acclimation. The sequence analysis of predicted amino acids revealed a very high homology (90%) with CBF sequences of other Brassica species (BnCBF5/DREB1, BrDREB1 and BjDREB1B) and homology reduced to 67% when compared to plants other than Brassicas. BoCBF/DREB1 transcript levels increased up to 24 h acclimation and then declined. Some mutants showed BoCBF/DREB1 expression at 3 h while others only after 6 h and 24 h acclimation. The genotypes showed positive significant correlation between BoCBF/DREB1 expression and frost resistance (R(2) = 0.9343). The proline level under acclimation increased about 8 fold and demonstrated positive and significant correlation with BoCBF/DREB1 expression. Proline also showed positive and significant correlation with frost resistance under cold acclimation but very not under non-acclimation. All clones were positive for COR15a protein after 14 d cold acclimation and expression correlated with frost resistance. Under non-acclimation COR15a was constitutively expressed in 3 mutants. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Nevertheless, the levels of GAs were strongly reduced compared with that in seeded fruits. These findings indicate that SlARF7 acts as a modifier of both auxin and gibberellin responses during tomato fruit set and development.”
“The S curve is one of the most common phenomena in nature: the spreading of populations, tumors, contaminants, innovations, economic activity. Here we show that this phenomenon can be predicted entirely by recognizing in it a flow. The flow is not by diffusion alone, rather it is a combination of tree-shaped “”invasion”"

by convection, followed by “”consolidation”" by diffusion perpendicular to the invasive HSP990 concentration lines. The S curve is not unique: its scales depend on the relative magnitude of the speed of the invading lines and the diffusivity perpendicular to the lines. Tree-shaped invasion covers the territory with diffusion much faster than line-shaped invasion. The predicted S-curve flow architecture unites the designs of spreading flows and collecting flows (e.g., mining, fossil fuel extraction, AZD4547 datasheet Hubbert peak) in all the realms of nature: animate, inanimate, and human-made. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3606555]“
“ADAM10 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10) has been demonstrated as an enzyme with protective properties in Alzheimer’s

disease: in mouse models it not only lowered generation of toxic A-beta peptides and formation of senile plaques but also alleviated learning deficits and enhanced synaptic density. This is due to cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) within its A-beta stretch and to the release of the extracellular domain of APP with neuroprotective function. Aside from cleaving APP, ADAM10 has been linked to over 40 putative substrates at least in cell culture. These substrates are connected with important cellular

functions such as cell migration, stress response and transport. For this contribution we focussed on ADAM10 acting on the APP-like proteins since SB202190 datasheet for some of their representatives – in particular APLP2 and APP-L – a shedding by ADAM10 has been demonstrated in vivo. In addition, the importance of these proteins, especially of APLP2, has been repeatedly shown by intense analysis of double and triple transgenic mice which lack APP in combination with one or both APLPs: several phenotypes such as defects in migration of neuroblasts, in formation of synapses and synaptic transmission have been reported. However, the specific contribution of either the uncleaved full-length proteins or their extracellular domains secreted upon ADAM10 activity has not been elucidated. In this review, we report on recent findings concerning shedding of APP-like proteins and resulting functional consequences.”
“The effect of various combinations of temperature and relative humidity on dormancy alleviation of sunflower seeds during dry after-ripening was investigated.

Three of these participants were withdrawn from the rapid infusion study. The other four participants (grade 1 only participants) were re-challenged. The same premedication was used as in the first rapid infusion. On experiencing a grade 1 reaction, promethazine 12.5 mg i.v. was administered and infusion recommenced at 50% of the previous rate upon the resolution of symptoms. Three patients developed a grade 1 adverse event and one patient experienced no adverse reaction. The three patients who did not tolerate the second rapid infusion were withdrawn from this study.

Conclusion: A rituximab infusion over 90-min was safe and feasible selleck inhibitor for participants who seek treatment

at ambulatory cancer centre. The new regimen has

been adopted as a standard practice with better resource utilization.”
“Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of the remodeling technique with that of conventional coil embolization in a Citarinostat large multicenter series involving the endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, the CLARITY study (Clinical and Anatomic Results in the Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms).

Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved the CLARITY study, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. A total of 768 patients (age range, 19-80 years; mean age 6 standard deviation, 51.0 years +/- 11.1) with 768 ruptured aneurysms were treated with either conventional coil Prexasertib cost embolization (608 patients, 79.2%) or the remodeling technique (160 patients, 20.8%). Patient and aneurysm characteristics, the rate of adverse events related to the

treatment or initial intracranial hemorrhage, and patient outcome were compared between treatment groups by using the chi(2), Fisher exact, or Student t test.

Results: The overall rate of treatment-related complications, with or without clinical manifestations, was 17.4% (106 of 608 patients) with coil embolization and 16.9% (27 of 160 patients) with remodeling (P = .999). The difference in the rates of thromboembolic events, intraoperative rupture, and early repeat bleeding between the treatment groups was not statistically significant. The cumulative morbidity and mortality rate related to the treatment in the remodeling group (3.8%, six of 160 patients) was similar to that in the coil embolization group (5.1%, 31 of 608 patients) (P = .678). Likewise, the global cumulative morbidity and mortality rates related to both the treatment and the initial hemorrhage did not differ significantly between groups (16.2% [26 of 160 patients] with remodeling and 19.6% [119 of 608 patients] with coil embolization, P = .366). The rate of adequate aneurysm occlusion, however, was significantly higher in the remodeling group (94.9%, 150 of 158 aneurysms) than in the coil embolization group (88.7%, 534 of 602 aneurysms) (P = .017).

The uncoated tablets (SR) and coated (R1 and R2) were placed in conditions of environment temperature and relative humidity, temperature of 40 degrees C and 75% of relative

humidity, and ultraviolet light, throughout 180 days. The chemical stability was investigated using the drug content percentage and the physical stability was examined by images and variation of weight. The humidity promoted changes in the organoletpic properties of the dosage click here form as well as the chemical degradation of omeprazole. It was possible to evidence that the drug stability was ensured as larger the thickness of the enteric coating. Thus, the obtained results demonstrated that formulation R2 was the most appropriate to assure the physical-chemical stability of omeprazole in gastro-resistant tablets.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the effect of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) treatment on the motor function of spinal cord injury (SCI) rat.

Methods: SCI rats were modelled by contusion, and then received 10 mg/kg Sal B, or methylprednisolone, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks, two hours after the trauma occurred. selleck kinase inhibitor During the treatment, footprint analysis (FA), inclined plane test

(IPT), Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) rating and Schnell Swim Test (SST) were used for estimating the recovery of motor function. At the same time, tissue edema was measured by wet-dry weighting, and the secretion of cytokines were indirectly quantitated by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results: Primarily, Sal B group rats scored higher by FA, IPT and BBB rating. Further statistical analysis of comprehensive SST data from Student-t test indicates that Sal B can significantly ameliorate motor dysfunction after a 4-week treatment

(p < 0.05) as well. Furthermore, Sal B decreased water content of the edema by 16.5 % during the first week, and sharply downregulated the transcription of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) 28- and 16-fold, respectively.

Conclusion: The beneficial effect of motor function recovery was observed in SCI rats following intraperitoneal administration of Sal B.”
“”"Evaluation of a Pharmacotherapy Follow-Up Programme in Patients with Hepatic Disorders”". Patients with hepatic disorders learn more are at risk for medication-related problems (MRP). The objective of the following study was to evaluate the quality of the methodology used in the pharmacotherapy follow-up of this group of patients as well as identifying the consumption of herbal medications in order to study possible interactions with the administered co-medication. A fifteen-month prospective study in ambulatory patients was carried out. At each visit, in the eighty-five patients enrolled during this period, potential or real MRP were identified through review of the medical record, patient interview and communication with other healthcare disciplines.

“
“Temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of 0.94(Bi1/2Na1/2) TiO3-0.06BaTiO(3) (BNT-6BT) lead-free piezoceramics was studied to disentangle the existing unclear issues over the crystallographic aspects and AICAR inhibitor phase stability of the system. Application of existing phenomenological relaxor models enabled the relaxor contribution to the entire dielectric permittivity spectra to be deconvoluted. The deconvoluted data in comparison with the temperature-dependent dielectric

permittivity of a classical perovskite relaxor, La-modified lead zirconate titanate, clearly suggest that BNT-6BT belongs to the same relaxor category, which was also confirmed by a comparative study on the temperature-dependent polarization hysteresis loops of both materials. Based on these results, we propose that the low-temperature dielectric anomaly does not involve any phase transition such as ferroelectric-toantiferroelectric.

Supported by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments at ambient temperature, we propose that the commonly observed Selleck SBC-115076 two dielectric anomalies are attributed to thermal evolution of ferroelectric polar nanoregions of R3c and P4bm symmetry, which coexist nearly throughout the entire temperature range and reversibly transform into each other with temperature. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3645054]“
“Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of gaseous and particulate compounds resulting from an incomplete combustion of diesel fuel. Controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust

and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) have contributed to understanding health effects. Such acute exposure studies of healthy subjects to diesel exhaust and DEP demonstrate a pro-inflammatory effect in the lung and systemically but only at higher concentrations (with a threshold dose approximating PLX3397 order 300 mu g/m(3)). Unexpectedly, there appears to be a lack of an inflammatory response to diesel exhaust and DEP in asthmatic individuals. Controlled human exposure studies of cardiovascular effects show that, comparable to other particle-associated exposures, diesel exhaust has a capacity to precipitate coronary artery disease. In addition, there is a relationship between diesel exhaust and DEP exposure and vascular endpoints; these effects in diesel exhaust may be diminished with removal of DEP. Many extra-pulmonary health effects of diesel exhaust exposure, including systemic inflammation, pro-thrombotic changes, and cardiovascular disease, are considered consequent to pro-inflammatory events and inflammation in the lung. Future research will focus on the relative importance of diesel exhaust components, potential interactions between components and other pollutants, effects in sensitive individuals, and effects of longer or repeated exposures.

These features are highly helpful in the differentiation between the two biologically distinct entities. The sensitivity and specificity of the parallel ridge pattern in diagnosing early acral melanoma is 86% and 99%, respectively.

However, we must be aware that dermoscopic features in acral nevus sometimes mimic the parallel ridge pattern and that other conditions also could show dermoscopic features similar to the parallel ridge pattern. In this review article, we summarize key points of the dermoscopic diagnosis of early Selleck LY294002 acral melanoma and then describe the three-step algorithm for the management of acral melanocytic lesions, which surely aids us in effectively detecting early acral melanoma and in reducing unnecessary resection of

benign nevus.”
“The nose is an important esthetic structure of the human face, and its defects may lead to serious esthetic and functional losses. In the current study, our aim was to present the results of the repairs that we performed using cartilage-supported forehead flaps in patients with full-thickness nasal defects in various locations.

Between March 2009 and March 2012, a total check details of 6 patients with full-thickness nasal defects underwent repairs using cartilage-supported forehead flaps. Among the patients, 4 were women, whereas 2 were male. The median age of the patients was 60.3 (38-67) years. The defects were caused by either tumor excision or burn wounds. Defect areas were at the dorsum of the nose, 3-Methyladenine PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor the medial canthal area, and the distal half of the nose. The repairs in all patients were performed using cartilage-supported median forehead flaps. In the method we applied, to provide framework support, a cartilage graft was placed into the pouch formed between the frontal muscle and the subcutaneous tissue within the flaps to be adapted to the defect area. The patients were followed up for a median period of 11 (4-27) months. In the long-term follow-up of all patients, satisfactory results in terms of the functional and cosmetic

outcomes were obtained.

Through the technique we applied, a simple and safe repair with adequate framework support and full color and texture harmony is achieved.”
“The 3-D morphology of chicken articular cartilage was quantified using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for use in continuum-mechanical modeling. To motivate this morphological study we propose aspects of a new, 3-D finite strain constitutive model for articular cartilage focusing on the essential load-bearing morphology: an inhomogeneous, poro-(visco) elastic solid matrix reinforced by an anisotropic, (visco) elastic dispersed fiber fabric which is saturated by an incompressible fluid residing in strain-dependent pores. Samples of fresh chicken cartilage were sectioned in three orthogonal planes and imaged using MPM, specifically imaging the collagen fibers using second harmonic generation.