The

method of treatment was not prespecified.

RESULTS: World Federation of Neurological Societies grade at admission was I/II in 65.7% and IV/V in 30.6% of patients. At the 3- to 6-month follow-up, 23.3% of patients were dependent or dead. Thromboembolic events and intraoperative rupture resulted in permanent deficit in 13 (3.2%) and 2 (0.5%), respectively, and death in 4 (1.0%) and 0. Early rebleeding occurred in 2 patients (0.5%) with 2 subsequent deaths. Permanent treatment morbidity and mortality were 3.7 % and 1.5 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Clinical results of the multicenter prospective Clarity registry show that when coiling is performed as first-intention MLN0128 treatment in a consecutive series of nonselected ruptured aneurysms by nonselected operators, clinical results are similar to those of the ISAT.”
“During de novo infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induced the multifunctional angiogenin (ANG) protein, which selleck chemicals llc entered the nuclei and nucleoli of infected cells and stimulated 45S rRNA gene transcription, proliferation, and tube formation, which were inhibited by blocking ANG nuclear

translocation with the antibiotic neomycin (S. Sadagopan et al., J. Virol. 83: 3342-3364, 2009). ANG was induced by KSHV latency protein LANA-1 (open reading frame 73 [ORF73]). Here we examined the presence and functions of ANG in KSHV-positive (KSHV(+)) primary effusion lymphoma (PEL/BCBL) cells. Significant ANG gene expression and secretion were observed in KSHV(+) (BCBL-1 and BC-3) and KSHV(+) and Epstein-Barr virus-positive (KSHV(+) EBV(+)) (JSC-1) PEL cells and in BJAB-KSHV cells but not

in EBV(-) KSHV(-) lymphoma cells (Akata, Loukes, Ramos, and BJAB), EBV(+) lymphoma cells (Akata-EBV and Raji), and cells from PI3K inhibitor an EBV(+) lymphoblastoid cell line, thus suggesting a specific association of ANG in KSHV biology. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of ANG resulted in reduced BCBL-1 and TIVE-LTC (latently infected endothelial) cell survival and proliferation, while EBV(-) and EBV(+) Akata cells were unaffected. Blocking nuclear transport of ANG inhibited latent ORF73 gene expression and increased lytic switch ORF50 gene expression, both during de novo infection and in latently infected cells. A greater quantity of infectious KSHV was detected in the supernatants of neomycin-treated BCBL-1 cells than 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated cells. Neomycin treatment and ANG silencing inhibited phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma) and AKT phosphorylation, and in contrast, ANG induced ORF73 expression and PLC-gamma and AKT phosphorylation. Further studies provided evidence that blockage of PLC-gamma activation by neomycin appears to be mediating the inhibition of latent gene expression, since treatment with the conventional PLC-gamma inhibitor U73122 also showed similar results.

In this study, we characterized the viral main protease (M(pro)) of the type species, White bream virus (WBV), of the newly established genus Bafinivirus (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Torovirinae). Comparative sequence analysis and mutagenesis data confirmed that the WBV M(pro) is a picornavirus 3C-like serine protease that uses a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad embedded in a predicted two-beta-barrel fold, which is extended by a third domain at its C terminus. Bacterially expressed WBV M(pro) autocatalytically released itself from flanking sequences and was able to mediate

proteolytic processing in trans. Using N-terminal sequencing of autoproteolytic processing products we tentatively identified Gln down arrow (Ala, Thr) as a substrate consensus sequence. Mutagenesis data provided evidence to suggest that two conserved His and Thr residues Torin 1 purchase are part of the S1 subsite of the enzyme’s substrate-binding pocket. Interestingly, we observed two N-proximal and two C-proximal autoprocessing sites

in the bacterial expression system. The detection of two major forms of M(pro), resulting from processing at two different N-proximal and one C-proximal site, in WBV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells confirmed the biological relevance of the biochemical data obtained Dasatinib price in heterologous expression systems. To our knowledge, the use of alternative M(pro) autoprocessing sites has not been described previously for other nidovirus M(pro) domains. The data presented in this study lend further support to our previous conclusion that bafiniviruses represent a distinct group of viruses that significantly diverged from other phylogenetic clusters of the order Nidovirales.”
“Increasing

levels of plasmid vector-mediated activation of innate immune signaling pathways is an approach to improve DNA vaccine-induced adaptive immunity for infectious disease and cancer applications. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a critical Selleckchem PD98059 cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) pattern receptor required for innate immune activation in response to viral infection. Activation of RIG-I leads to type I interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokine production through interferon promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1)-mediated activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-kappa B signaling. DNA vaccines coexpressing antigen and an expressed RNA (eRNA) RIG-I agonist were made, and the effect of RIG-I activation on antigen-specific immune responses to the encoded antigen was determined. Plasmid vector backbones expressing various RIG-I ligands from RNA polymerase III promoters were screened in a cell culture assay for RIG-I agonist activity, and optimized, potent RIG-I ligands were developed. One of these, eRNA41H, combines (i) eRNA11a, an immunostimulatory dsRNA expressed by convergent transcription, with (ii) adenovirus VA RNAI.

The allelic and genotypic frequency of one intronic SNP (rs175646; P=0.0135 and P=0.0137, respectively) and the genotypic frequency for the SNP in the UTR region (rs8215; P=0.049) was also significantly different between cases and controls of the Korean cohort. There was no difference in allelic or genotypic frequencies in the Dutch population. These SNPs in JDP2 are associated with intracranial JPH203 in vitro aneurysms, suggesting that variation in or near JDP2 play a role in susceptibility to lAs in East Asian populations. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We present a case of an embolus traversing the patent foramen ovale (PFO) diagnosed on echocardiography

with extensive bilateral pulmonary embolism demonstrated on subsequent computed tomography scan.”
“Synapse loss induced by amyloid beta (An) is thought to be a primary contributor to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. A is generated by proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a synaptic receptor whose physiological function remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of APP in dendritic spine formation, which is known buy ZD1839 to be important for learning and memory. We found that overexpression of APP increased spine number, whereas knockdown of APP reduced

spine density in cultured hippocampal neurons. This spine-promoting effect of APP required both the extracellular and intracellular domains of APP, and find more was accompanied by specific upregulation of the GluR2, but not the GluR1, subunit of AMPA receptors. In an in vivo experiment, we found that cortical layers II/III and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in 1 year-old APP-deficient mice had fewer and shorter dendritic spines than wild-type littermates. In contrast, transgenic mice overexpressing mutant APP exhibited increased spine density compared to control animals, though only at

a young age prior to overaccumulation of soluble amyloid. Additionally, increased glutamate synthesis was observed in young APP transgenic brains, whereas glutamate levels were decreased and GABA levels were increased in APP-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that APP is important for promoting spine formation and is required for proper spine development. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Tracheocele, a protrusion of the mucous membrane through a defect in the tracheal wall, may be congenital or acquired.(1,2) Tracheoceles are rare,(1) and most cause only a few symptoms, which are usually well tolerated.(1,3) We report the case of a 52-year-old man with a giant tracheocele that was incorrectly diagnosed preoperatively as a laryngocele.”
“Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is one of the most common and important pathologic features of human traumatic brain injury (TBI), accounting for high mortality and development of persistent post-traumatic neurologic sequelae.

NK-2 receptors cloned from the rhesus monkey brain showed similar pharmacological properties to those of human NK-2 receptors.

Substantial expression levels of NK-2 mRNA were observed in all the brain regions examined, including areas pertinent to the emotional networks such as the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and amygdala. These findings suggest that NK-2 receptors may play important roles in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Intimal angiosarcomas are rare and difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Complete surgical resection is essential, but long-term survival is unlikely. We report a patient who presented with a contained ruptured infrarenal aorta with clinical and radiologic findings

suggestive of infectious aortitis. Surgical resection, regional debridement, and reconstruction were completed using DMXAA a cadaveric arterial homograft. However, pathologic evaluation revealed a high-grade intimal sarcoma. (J Vase Surg 2011;53:818-21.)”
“Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS(+)) is a common familial epilepsy syndrome, which generally develops in childhood. GEFS(+) is caused by mutations in the sodium-channel at-subunit (SCN1A). In this report, we investigated a Chinese family with an autosomal dominant form of GEFS(+). The affected GEFS(+) patients in this family displayed significant inter-family clinical heterogeneity. Linkage analysis localized the disease-causing gene to chromosome 2q24. Nocodazole price where SCN1A is located. Furthermore. DNA sequencing of the whole coding region of SCN1A revealed

selleck chemicals llc a novel heterozygous nucleotide substitution (c.577C > T) causing a missense mutation (p.L193F) in the S3 segment of SCN1A domain D1. Our results expand the spectrum of SCN1A mutations and provide novel insights between the SCN1A mutations and the clinical variations of GEFS(+). (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Adoption of residents’ working time restrictions potentially undermines surgical training by reduction of operating room exposure. Simulation has been proposed as a way to acquire necessary skills in a laboratory environment but remains difficult to incorporate into training schedules. This study assessed whether residents working successive nights could acquire endovascular skills similar to colleagues working day shifts.

Methods: This prospective observational cohort study recruited 20 junior residents, divided into day shift and night shift groups by their respective call schedule. After initial cognitive skills training, a validated renal artery stent module on an endovascular simulator was completed over a series of seven sequential shifts during 1 week. The primary outcome measure was serial technical skill assessments.

This study included 100 patients with 103 MCAB aneurysms who underwent a simple coiling procedure without the adjuvant use of stents or balloons. The angiographic clinical outcomes and recurrence of these aneurysms were evaluated.

Of the 103 aneurysms, 102 (99.0 %) aneurysms were successfully treated with simple coiling. One patient died from the consequences of a procedural aneurysm rupture. The treatment-associated permanent morbidity and mortality rates were 0 and 1.0 %, respectively. Post-coiling angiograms showed 28 complete occlusions (27.2 %), 60 neck remnants (58.3

%), and 14 partial occlusions (13.6 %). A follow-up angiography (median Cyclosporin A duration, 30 months; range, 3-73 months) was performed in 80 lesions.

Recanalisation was found in 28 lesions (35.0 %), of which 6 were complete occlusions, 18 were neck remnants, and 4 were partial occlusions, as determined by post-coiling angiograms. Among these lesions, 14 major recurrences were retreated with coiling (n = 12) and clipping (n = 2) without complications. Age (odds ratio [OR], 0.93; 95 % confidence interval [CI], -0.11 to -0.01; p = 0.03), the presence of a rupture (OR, 3.89; 95 % CI, 0.12 to 2.60; p = 0.03), and a wide aneurysm neck (OR, 6.40; 95 % CI, 0.57 to 3.14; p = 0.005) were significantly associated RepSox mouse with the aneurysm recurrence, as determined by multivariable analyses.

Our study suggests that simple coiling of MCAB aneurysms is feasible and safe; however, it has limitations in durability, particularly in ruptured or wide-necked aneurysms and in young patients.”
“Purpose: The incidence of hospital acquired adverse events in radical cystectomy and their implications for hospital outcomes and costs remain poorly described. We describe the incidence of hospital acquired adverse events Citarinostat price in radical cystectomy, and characterize its relationship with in-hospital mortality, length of stay and hospitalization costs.

Materials and Methods: We identified 10,856 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at 1,175 hospitals in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from

2001 to 2008. We used hospital claims to identify adverse events for accidental puncture, decubitus ulcer, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, surgical site infection and sepsis. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation models were used to test the associations of hospital acquired adverse events with mortality, predicted prolonged length of stay and total hospitalization costs.

Results: Hospital acquired adverse events occurred in 11.3% of all patients undergoing radical cystectomy (1,228). Adverse events were associated with a higher odds of in-hospital death (OR 8.07, p < 0.001), adjusted prolonged length of stay (41.3%) and total costs ($54,242 vs $26,306; p < 0.001) compared to no adverse events on multivariate analysis.

and including the

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). This study examined the impact of gestational alcohol exposure on the morphology of the cingulate gyrus, given this region’s role in cognitive control, attention, and emotional regulation, all of which are affected PF477736 mw in children with FASD. Thirty-one youth (ages 8-16) with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 21) and demographically matched comparison subjects (n = 10) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. The cingulate gyrus was manually delineated, and parcellated volumes of grey and white matter were compared across groups. Alcohol-exposed individuals had significantly smaller raw dngulate grey matter, white matter, and tissue volumes compared with controls. After adjustment for respective cranial tissue constituents, only white matter volumes remained significantly reduced, and this held regardless of whether or not the child qualified for a diagnosis of FAS. A correlation selleck products between posterior cingulate grey matter volume and the WISC-III Freedom from Distractibility Index was also observed in alcohol-exposed

children. These data suggest that cingulate white matter is compromised beyond global white matter hypoplasia in alcohol-exposed individuals, regardless of FAS diagnosis. The observed volumetric reductions in the cinguilate gyrus may contribute to the disruptive and emotionally dysregulated behavioral profile commonly observed in this population. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We Rolziracetam isolated stem/progenitor epithelial cells from the lungs

of 4- to 6-week-old pigs. The epithelial progenitor colony cells were surrounded by mesenchymal stromal cells. The progenitor epithelial colony cells expressed stem cell markers such as octamer binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), as well as the epithelial markers pancytokeratin, cytokeratin-18, and occludin, but not mesenchymal (CD44, CD29, and CD90) and hematopoietic (CD45) markers. The colony cells had extensive self-renewal potential and had the capacity to undergo differentiation to alveolar type I- and type II-like pneumocytes. Additionally, these cells expressed sialic acid receptors and supported the active replication of influenza virus, which was accompanied by cell lysis. The lysis of progenitor epithelial cells by influenza virus may cause a marked reduction in the potential of progenitor cells for self renewal and for their ability to differentiate into specialized cells of the lung. These observations suggest the possible involvement of lung stem/progenitor cells in influenza virus infection.”
“BACKGROUND: Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration are unclear.

“
“Recently, it has been shown that feature discrimination in temporally regular rhythms results in enhanced performance compared with feature discrimination in temporally irregular rhythms. In this study, we investigated the influence of temporal predictability on attentional processing. We show that temporal predictability of a sequence results in a decreased peak latency of the P3b compared with temporally random sequences. The present findings clearly illustrate that temporal predictability results in faster processing of deviant stimuli. NeuroReport 20: 31-36 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“There is a large research literature on the

variation of human sex ratio

(proportion of males at birth) with (1) time of insemination within the mother’s fruitful cycle (TWC), (2) duration of gestation selleck compound (DOG), (3) coital frequency, here called ‘coital rate’ (CR) and (4) duration of time taken to achieve conception in a period of risk (viz. in the absence of birth limitation methods) (TTC). The variation of sex ratio with each of these four variables has usually been treated as a discrete topic. Consider the four propositions that each of these sorts of variation exists. Here it is argued that these propositions entail one another to varying degrees, and that, for that reason, empirical failures to detect (at conventional levels of significance) one such form of variation (as e.g. with time to conception) should BGJ398 cost not justify rejecting the hypothesis that such variation exists until the whole network of propositions has been considered. Evidence that offspring sex ratio varies with time of conception Selleckchem BMS345541 within the cycle is strong. It is argued here that, as a consequence, the available data constitute evidence that sex ratio varies with CR and with time to achieve conception, although this variation is small, difficult to detect and of no clinical significance. Lastly, sex ratio varies substantially with DOG, though the explanation for this is not established: it is suggested that the present treatment provides a testable framework for such an explanation.

(C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cutaneous anesthesia (EMLA-cream) of the forearm results in rapid improvement of hand sensibility, and here we applied this concept in the lower extremity. This double-blind study with 40 volunteers randomized to cutaneous application of anesthetic cream to the lower leg showed a significant improvement 2 h after treatment in touch thresholds in the EMLA group as compared with the placebo group. In 12 volunteers, fMRI examination was performed before and after treatment. Improvement was not associated with a visible cortical expansion of the cortical foot area. This novel finding may have considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of foot sensibility disturbances in various neuropathies, such as diabetic neuropathy.

“
“Attentional

bias research indicates that specific phobics prioritize the processing of disorder-relevant stimuli, although the time course of attentional allocation to the phobic threat remains unclear. The present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether a processing bias also exists AZD5153 towards specific facial expressions that are able to signal potential phobic cues in the environment. Fifteen women with snake phobia and 15 healthy controls performed an attention-shifting task in which angry, fearful, disgusted and neutral faces were presented as emotional cues. ERP to facial expressions and reaction times to target stimuli were collected during the task. The P200 amplitude was significantly lower in phobics than in controls, specifically in response to facial expressions of fear and disgust. Such reduction in cortical activity may reflect reduced processing associated with rapid cognitive avoidance. Such an avoidance response would not be determined by the threat value of the face www.selleckchem.com/products/wzb117.html stimuli per se, but rather by the ability of fearful and disgusted faces to avert attention by signaling a possible phobic threat in the surrounding area. In addition, phobics showed relatively greater positivity to negative than neutral facial expressions in the later processing stages, indicating a general hypervigilant

processing mode. Copyright (c) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Influenza is an acute respiratory viral disease that is transmitted in the first few days of infection. Evasion of host innate immune defenses, including natural killer (NK) cells, is important for the virus’s success as a pathogen of humans and other animals. NK cells encounter influenza viruses within the microenvironment of infected cells and are important for host innate immunity during learn more influenza virus

infection. It is therefore important to investigate the direct effects of influenza virus on NK cells. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that influenza virus directly infects and replicates in primary human NK cells. Viral entry into NK cells was mediated by both clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis rather than through macropinocytosis and was dependent on the sialic acids on cell surfaces. In addition, influenza virus infection induced a marked apoptosis of NK cells. Our findings suggest that influenza virus can directly target and kill NK cells, a potential novel strategy of influenza virus to evade the NK cell innate immune defense that is likely to facilitate viral transmission and may also contribute to virus pathogenesis.”
“Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate possible influences of a panel of markers in the dysbindin gene DTNBP1 (rs3213207, rs1011313, rs2005976, rs760761 and rs2619522) on the clinical outcome and side effects associated to the treatment with aripiprazole in schizophrenic patients.

These data extend those of Nec-1s our previous study (Carey et al., 2005 [14]) and demonstrate that overt preweaning neurobehavioral effects are apparent in rats exposed to acrylamide pre- and postnatally, but only at the highest doses tested. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Aims: African-Americans, in particular women, exhibit disproportionate

levels of hypertension, inflammation, and oxidative stress compared to other ethnic groups. The relationship between prehypertension, renal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress was examined. Methods: Twenty-eight African-American women (53.5 +/- 1.1 years) followed an AHA diet and then underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP) monitoring. Urinary albumin (uAlb), serum and urinary creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 24-hour urinary Na(+) excretion, plasma superoxide

dismutase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), urinary (uNOx) and plasma (pNOx) nitric oxide levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured. Results: When the group was divided by average 24-hour ABP into optimal and non-optimal groups, a significant difference existed between the groups for uNOx (p = 0.001; nonoptimal: 933.5 +/- 140.4, optimal: 425.0 +/- 52.6 mu mol/gCr), and for hsCRP (p = 0.018, nonoptimal: 3.9 +/- 0.7, optimal: 1.9 +/- 0.6 mg/l). Significant inverse relationships existed between hsCRP and Selleck PF477736 uNOx and between uAlb and pNOx in the non-optimal group, between GFR and pNOx in the entire group, and positive association existed between TAC and uNOx in the optimal group. Conclusions: These results suggest that in

African-American women as BP levels rise toward hypertension, the NO/NOS balance may be associated with renal function, and may have implications for CV risk based on their hsCRP levels. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Teratogenic alkaloids are found in many species of plants including Conium maculatum L., Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana tabaccum, and multiple Lupinus spp. Fetal musculoskeletal defects produced by alkaloids from these plants include arthrogyropisis, scoliosis, torticollis, kyposis, lordosis, and cleft palate. A pharmacodynamic comparison of the alkaloids ammodendrine, anabasine, anabaseine, Selleck NCT-501 anagyrine, and coniine in SH-SY5Y cells and TE-671 cells was made. These alkaloids and their enantiomers were more effective in depolarizing TE-671 cells which express the human fetal-muscle type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) relative to SH-SY5Y cells which predominately express autonomic nAChRs. The rank order of potency in TE-671 cells was: anabaseine > (+)-anabasine> (-)-anabasine > (+/-)-anabasine > anagyrine > (-)-coniine > (+/-)-coniine > (+)-coniine > (+/-)-ammodendrine > (+)-ammodendrine. The rank order potency in SH-SY5Y cells was: anabaseine > (+)-anabasine > (-)-coniine > (+)-coniine > (+)-ammodendrine > anagyrine > (-)-anabasine > (+/-)-coniine > (+/-)-anabasine> (-)-ammodendrine.

Before widespread use of oral rehydration solution, treatment for diarrhoea was restricted to intravenous fluid replacement, for which patients had to go to a health-care facility to access appropriate equipment. These facilities were usually neither available nor reasonable to use in the resource-poor settings most affected by diarrhoea. Use of oral rehydration solution has stagnated, despite

being effective, inexpensive, and widely available. Thus, diarrhoea continues selleck to be a leading cause of child death with consistent mortality rates during the past 5 years. New methods for prevention, management, and treatment of diarrhoea-including an improved oral rehydration formulation, zinc supplementation, and rotavirus vaccines-make now the time to revitalise efforts to reduce diarrhoea mortality worldwide.”
“The

potential longitudinal effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on language functioning were estimated from early childhood through early adolescence in a large, well-retained urban sample of 451 fullterm children (242 cocaine-exposed, 209 non-cocaine-exposed) participating in the Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS). The sample was enrolled prospectively at birth, with documentation of prenatal drug exposure status through maternal interview, and toxicology assays of maternal and infant urine, and infant meconium. Age-appropriate versions of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) were used to measure total, expressive, and receptive language AZD9291 mouse at ages 3, 5, and 12 years. Longitudinal latent growth curve (LLGC) modeling of the data revealed an association between PCE (measured dichotomously as yes/no) and lower functioning in expressive and total language scores, after considering other sources of variation including child’s age at testing, sex, this website prenatal

exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, and additional medical and social-demographic covariates. Analyses of level of PCE showed a gradient, i.e. dose-dependent, relationship between PCE level and expressive, receptive, and total language scores in the models controlling for age, child’s sex, and other prenatal drug exposures. With additional covariate control these findings were most stable for the total language score. The evidence supports an inference about an enduring stable cocaine-specific effect on children’s language abilities, with no effect on language growth over time in the longitudinal trajectory of language development. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“This study reports body temperature regulation (T(b)) and circadian rhythms of undisturbed feral cats in their natural environment in Australia over a continuous period of three months.