The field began with the initial observation that the activity of dopamine neurons resembles a reward prediction error from formal reinforcement-learning theory [4], and now subsumes an elaborate framework that can potentially account for the functions of many different parts of the brain. It is likely

that this approach will continue to be useful as we embark on the attempt to understand how different RL component processes are ultimately combined together to produce integrated behavior. Nothing declared. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest This work was supported by an NIH Sirolimus clinical trial conte center grant on the neurobiology of social decision making (P50MH094258-01A1), NIH grant DA033077-01 (supported by OppNet, NIH’s Basic Behavioral and Social Science Opportunity Network) and National Science Foundation grant 1207573 to JOD. “
“Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 1:101–106 This Vincristine mw review comes from a themed issue on Cognitive neuroscience Edited by Cindy Lustig and Howard Eichenbaum http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.10.007 2352-1546/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. The prefrontal cortex is often described as subserving decision-making and executive control.

Decision-making research focuses on the PFC function in action selection according to perceptual cues and reward values 1 and 2]. Executive control research focuses on the PFC function in learning and switching between behavioral rules or sets that guide action 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10]. These two lines of research have often been carried out independently. Here we review recent findings and outline a theoretical framework unifying these two conceptual approaches of PFC function. There is converging evidence that the computation of expected rewards driving action selection primarily involves the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) 11, 12 and 13]. The vmPFC, especially its ventral portion (often referred to as the medial orbitofrontal cortex), enables to convert distinct subjective reward scales

into a ‘common currency’ scale for allowing value comparison 14, 15, 16 and 17] that drives selection. Reward values are generally associated with action outcomes rather than actions per se. Consistently, the fantofarone vmPFC is involved in predicting action outcomes 18, 19, 20, 21• and 22], suggesting that the vmPFC encodes action-outcome associations for selecting actions according to reward values. By contrast, selecting actions according to perceptual cues involves the lateral premotor cortex 9, 23, 24 and 25]. However, when expected rewards and perceptual cues are not linked to specific actions, decisions are presumably made between more abstract action sets that may subsequently guide the selection of specific actions according to stimuli.

, 2007, Lowe et al., 2012, Menéndez and Woodworth, 2010 and Woodworth and Blackman, 2004) suggests that the rise in mean sea level is generally the dominant cause of any observed increase in the frequency of extreme events. In addition, using model projections of storm tides in southeast Australia to 2070, McInnes et al. (2009) showed that the increase in the frequency of flooding events was dominated by sea-level rise. There are therefore significant unknowns associated with the shape and extent of the uncertainty distribution of the projections of sea-level rise. Improved allowances for sea-level HSP inhibition rise require better estimates of future sea level and, just as importantly,

of its uncertainty distribution and the behaviour of its upper

tail. “
“Evidence-based practice (EBP) involves clinical reasoning in three major domains: best-available scientific evidence, clinical judgment (experience), and patient’s perspective (Figure 1). Evidenced-based wound care seeks to integrate clinical wisdom with the best available science to optimize patient care with safety, statistical power and efficacy brought to bear on the problem at hand, the wound(s).1 This paper provides perspective primarily in the domain of best-available scientific evidence as it pertains to whirlpool (WP) use in wound care. Whirlpool, one of the oldest types of hydrotherapy, was originally used by physical Alpelisib chemical structure therapists (PTs) to treat patients with burns in need of extensive debridement. In many areas of the United States, WP remains an active component of wound care as a means for the removal of necrotic cellular debris and contamination. With the advent of other options, using water as a cleansing agent, it is important to critically analyze the literature reporting the effects of WP. The following summarizes the evidence pertaining to both the goals and the adverse events associated with WP therapy. The full-body WP (Figure 2), and the

Hubbard tank, quickly spearheaded find more the development of smaller extremity tanks (Figure 3).2 and 3 The shared goals of WP therapy are to remove gross contaminants and toxic debris including surface bacterial, increase local circulation, decrease wound pain, decrease suppuration, decrease fever, help soak and gently remove dressings, and ultimately accelerate healing.2 and 4 Typically, it is prescribed for non-healing wounds or to remove a substantial amount of necrotic tissue. The limb or extremity is submersed for 10–20 minutes in water at 92°–96 °F, with or without agitation and antimicrobial agents.5 The presence of bacteria and/or biofilm can both be obstacles to healing. All wounds have some level of contamination which does not equate to ‘infection’. Critical bacterial colonization occurs when the number of microbes and/or their byproducts exceed the capability of the host to generate a healing response significant enough to effect wound closure.

One was unconscious on admission. Both provided urine samples whilst at the hospital – worker 1 (male, 53 years old) approximately 9 h after the incident, worker 2 (male, 54 years old) at an unknown time (but apparently the same day) by catheter as he was still unconscious. The urine sample for worker 1 contained 326 μmol/l thiosulphate (23 mmol/mol creatinine), which is consistent with the levels seen in other survivors of reported incidents of hydrogen sulphide exposure where samples have been taken between 2 and 15 h of the incident (Kage et

al., 1997 and Kage et al., 2002). Worker 2’s result (10 μmol/l, 2 mmol/mol creatinine) was within previously reported background levels (Kangas and Savolainen, 1987 and Chwatko and Bald, 2009) however it is not clear when the sample was Afatinib price collected in relation to the incident. It is possible that, if he was exposed, it might take a couple of hours for his thiosulphate level to exceed background levels (as demonstrated by a volunteer study (Kangas and Savolainen, 1987)); so if the sample was taken shortly after the incident, the sample may not reflect

the extent of his exposure to hydrogen Selleckchem Cabozantinib sulphide. Equally, if the sample had been taken later, the level of thiosulphate may already have reduced to background levels. There is previously reported, (Kage et al., 1997) a case (in which a man lost consciousness due to hydrogen sulphide exposure and subsequently recovered) where the urinary thiosulphate level was less than 3 μmol/l when the sample was taken 15 h after the incident. There was evidence that worker 1 had been exposed to hydrogen sulphide in sufficient amounts to cause a feeling of unwellness or even unconsciousness. The sample of worker 2 did not demonstrate evidence

of hydrogen sulphide exposure but this does not exclude the possibility of exposure due to the unknown timing of sample collection. A chicken waste Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 rendering plant had a blocked condenser connected to a storage vessel. On releasing the blockage, an emission of gas (suspected to contain hydrogen sulphide) was released knocking three workers unconscious. All three workers were taken to hospital, two were subsequently released and one spent time in intensive care before being released. Blood samples were obtained from two of the workers (both male, ages unknown) but were not detectable for thiosulphate. This is in agreement with previous reports where blood thiosulphate is not detected in survivors of hydrogen sulphide incidents. Unfortunately, in this case, it was not possible to obtain urine samples. Samples of the chicken waste showed considerable potential for hydrogen sulphide generation at the sterilising temperature used (∼120 °C). One urine sample and one blood sample were received from a fatality (male, age unknown) involving a biodigester, where hydrogen sulphide was a suspected toxic agent. The urine sample was below the detection limit for thiosulphate.

2% and 14% and at 24 and 48 months, respectively (Fig. 1). Table 2 describes the number of procedures and site of stricture. Ten patients required more than one intervention, 7 had two procedures, 2 had three procedures, and 1 patient required five urethrotomies. Strictures were generally extraprostatic: 33.3% (15/45) had an apex/external sphincter stricture, 35.6% (16) had a bulbar urethral stricture, and 13.3% (6) had a membranous stricture. Only 1 patient had a prostatic urethral stricture and 1 patient had a late meatal stricture. The

risk of stricture development was strikingly different between the dose groups (Fig. 2). The estimated cumulative risk of stricture at 2 years was 0%, 2.3%, 3.4%, and 31.6% for 16 Gy/2 (n = 2), 20 Gy/4, 18 Gy/3, and 19 Gy/2 patients, respectively (p < 0.00001, log rank). In a learn more univariate analysis, the 19 Gy/2 group, urologist, radiation oncologist, failed trial of void, implant year, and biologic equivalent dose (BED) all predicted for increased risk of stricture (Table 3). No significant association was seen for IPSS, order of treatment, acute urinary retention,

or previous TURP. In a multivariable analysis, including all factors, the 19 Gy/2 group and implant year were two factors that remained predictive of an increased risk of stricture formation (Table 4). The D10 (defined as the minimum dose received by the “hottest” 10% of the urethral volume) was calculated as an estimated BED for 2 Gy fractions Palbociclib mw (BED2Gy). This was done with an assumed α/β Reverse transcriptase of 3 Gy for prostate cancer and late effects. This dose included the external beam prescribed dose (It was assumed that the urethra received the total prescribed EBRT dose). The mean urethral D10 (BED2Gy) was 91.4 Gy in patients with a stricture compared with 87.0 Gy in those with no stricture (p < 0.0017,

t test). However, the D10 (BED2Gy) was significantly higher in the 19 Gy/2 dose group compared with all others ( Table 5). No correlation was seen within dose groups between D10 and stricture risk. A urethral stricture is a recognized late effect of any prostate cancer therapy (10). It appears that stricture rates are higher in HDRB compared with low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDRB) and EBRT (11), and this may imply a BED response. For example, Mohammed et al. (11) analyzed 1903 patients who received EBRT, LDRB, or HDRB. The stricture risk was significantly higher in HDRB patients compared with EBRT and LDRB, 11%, 2%, and 4% respectively. We have reported a large patient database, with prospective gathering of stricture occurrence as well as other toxicity in the followup for HDRB used as a boost to EBRT. In our patients, the overall crude stricture incidence was 12.7% and is comparable with other series [12] and [13]. A concerning predictive factor seen in this study was the fractionation schedule and the BED delivered to the urethra, measured by the D10.

1992, Chen & Huang 1996), the complex topography (Morton & Blackmore 2000) and the dynamic climatology. There are four coastal upwelling regions in the northern part of the SCS: the east of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province (Han 1998, Wang et al. 2006, 2008, 2011), the Taiwan SP600125 purchase Shoals (TSLS) located southwest of Taiwan (Wu & Li 2003), and the perennial cold cyclonic eddy (Wu 1991, Huang et al. 1992; Soong et al. 1995, Liao et al. 2006) to the south-west of the Dongsha Islands (PIS). In the past, the DO concentration, sea surface temperature, salinity and Chl a concentration ( Chen &

Ruan 1991, Hong & Li 1991, Han 1998, Tang et al. 2002) were the main proxies indicating upwelling regions. It is well-known that upwelling always accompanies high nutrient levels ( Shen & Shi 2006), but there are relatively fewer reports of upwelling based on nutrient distributions, probably because of their strong relationship with phytoplankton uptake ( Traganza et al. 1980, Chen et al. 2004). Multivariate statistical techniques have been applied Selleckchem BTK inhibitor to characterize and evaluate surface and

freshwater quality, and are useful for verifying the temporal and spatial variations caused by natural and anthropogenic factors linked to seasonality (Helena et al. 2000, Singh et al. 2004, Shrestha & Kazama 2007). In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the significance Chorioepithelioma of silicate as a useful indicator for the formation and distribution of upwelling events in the northern SCS with multivariate statistical analysis and remote sensing techniques. The SCS is located almost exactly between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer at 22°N (Figure 1), and includes the Pearl River, the third biggest river in China. It thus experiences a monsoon climate. The study area lies in the northern SCS (from 18 to 23°N, 111

to 121°E); it is surrounded by several modern cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Macao) and three straits (the Taiwan Strait (in the north-east), the Luzon Strait (between the islands of Taiwan and Luzon, which connects the SCS with the Pacific Ocean) and the Qiongzhou Strait (in the west)). In the centre of our study area, there is an island called Dongsha (PIS: 116.825°N, 20.691°E), which is the largest island in the SCS. The TSLS is in the south-west of the Taiwan Strait. The study area is located in a region with a monsoon climate. The strong north-east monsoon prevails during late September–April, and the south-west monsoon during May–August (Chen et al. 2006). The transition from the summer monsoon to the winter monsoon occurs in September. The following stations were designated to study the formation and distribution of upwelling near the PIS: 1.

It is worth mentioning that some of the copepods in the present study are bathypelagic, usually being found below 200 m depth (Weikert, 1982 and Weikert, 1987), but off Sharm El-Sheikh in low densities (Table 4). Furthermore, Acartia danae, Scolecitrichopsis ctenopus, Oncaea minuta, Sapphirina intestinalis and Clytemnestra scutellata are new records for the northern Red Sea, indicating their northward migration, as they had previously been confined ZD1839 to the main basin of the Red Sea. Environmental conditions, particularly temperature and food availability, have a crucial effect on zooplankton abundance (Webber and

Roff, 1995 and Christou, 1998). In the Gulf of Aqaba temperature plays a role in the prevailing seasonality (Reiss & Hottinger 1984), resulting in a homogeneous distribution throughout the deep vertical mixed layer in late winter, when the plankton community shows no differences within the mixed layer (Cornils et al. 2005). In other seasons the majority of the zooplankton is concentrated within the upper 100 m (Cornils et al. 2005). Temperature is an important factor controlling the abundance of zooplankton (Goldman & Heron 1983), increasing the growth and feeding rates of zooplankton species within the range of their thermal tolerance (Omori & Ikeda 1984). Different zooplankters of the same group showed different reactions to temperature variations (Mathew 1977), but the fluctuation in the abundance of planktonic

forms may be related not only to water temperature but also to its indirect influences on their food items (Arnemo 1965). The present study has shown that the zooplankton in the epipelagic zone Ku-0059436 supplier off Sharm El-Sheikh experienced distinct vertical variations in species composition and abundance in different seasons. Copepods were the overwhelmingly predominant component (86.5%), while other holoplanktonic

groups like appendicularians, chaetognaths and cnidarians together contributed a comparatively small relative abundance (4.2%) in addition to a moderate percentage of meroplankton (8.2%). Several bathypelagic copepods were observed, and also few species that had oxyclozanide newly migrated to the area from the central Red Sea. “
“Studies of ecosystem goods and services in marine environments are receiving increasing attention (Kremen & Ostfeld 2005, Ronnback et al. 2007). Whereas concepts are rapidly developed, quantitative approaches or assessments are rare; furthermore, many of them focus on mapping service values (Troy and Wilson, 2006 and Sanchirico and Mumby, 2009), not the services themselves. One of the most important ecosystem services provided by the seafloor is the feeding grounds for many benthophagous organisms such as fish or marine birds. Moreover, apart from other roles in ecosystem processes (Snelgrove 1998), benthic macrofauna is also an important food source for higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems (Tomczak et al. 2009). There are ca 200 macrozoobenthos species in the eastern Baltic Proper (Ojaveer et al.

This method has been principally used for the characterization of protein-carbohydrate interactions, after its introduction by Meyer group (Mayer and Meyer, 1999). Thus, it was used to resolve the binding substrate specifity of yeast hexokinase PII (Blume et al., 2009) and to resolve the hydrogen atoms of xylobiose involved in sugar-protein interaction. H2-5 of xylobiose were identified as critical non-covalent interactions in wild type GH10 xylanases, which were absent in Epigenetic inhibitor the

E159Q mutant, indicating the importance of negative charge in the substrate binding (Balazs et al., 2013). Another important application of this method has been in drug discovery (Bhunia et al., 2012). In the late 1950s the PRE theory for static systems was established and since then it has been used in characterizing paramagnetic metalloproteins Dwek (1973). One application was to measure

the relaxation of water by paramagnetic metals in the presence of enzymes and its substrates to determine the coordination of the metal PD0325901 at the active site of the complex substrate–enzyme. It is a rapid and sensitive method for measure ligand–enzyme interaction, where the enzyme system is appropriate, to measure the effect of ligand binding on the solvent (1H of H20). This method requires a paramagnetic probe that can affect the longitudinal relaxation rate of the solvent. The probe elicits an effect on the proton longitudinal relaxation rate (PRR or PRE) to give a proton relaxation rate Amino acid enhancement. If the enhancement effects are sensitive to ligand binding, then studying the environment around the probe can yield important thermodynamic and structural information of the

complexes formed among the enzyme, substrates and the metal. Although a number of probes can be used for these studies, Mn(II) has been the most frequently used due to its physical–chemical properties and its usefulness in many cases. To determine protein structure, this method has had a new impulse with the introduction of biochemical methods to label proteins with paramagnetic probes at specific sites and the development of appropriate computational methods (Donaldson et al., 2001). However the most interesting application of this method has been the detection of transient low population species that remain in rapid exchange with the major specie that modulates the transverse PRE observed (Clore, 2011). In addition to structures and ligand binding thermodynamics, nuclear magnetic resonance can yield information on the dynamics of the structural regions of the protein. This usually involves measuring relaxation times such as T1 and T2 to determine order parameters (S2), correlation times, and chemical exchange rates. NMR relaxation is a consequence of local fluctuating magnetic fields within a molecule. Molecular motions generate local fluctuating magnetic fields.

After testing copy number, specificity,

sensitivity and allelic variation, the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (Lhcb2) gene was selected and validated as suitable for use as an endogenous reference gene for the PCR-based detection of peach material. In Taqman real-time quantitative PCR analysis, the detection limit was as low as 5 pg of DNA, indicating that this method could be used for the evaluation of fruit juices BKM120 nmr or other types processed food that contain very few copies of the target DNA. “
“As of 31st October 2010, Dr. William Hutchinson retired as Editor-in-Chief of Crop Protection after serving in this capacity since 2006. On behalf of the Editors, Elsevier would like to extend its warm appreciation to Bill for his contributions to the Journal. We are pleased to announce that Dr. Francis P.F. Reay-Jones, Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Soils and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, USA, has joined

the team of Editors as of 1 November 2010. A native of England, Dr. Reay-Jones received B.S. and M.S. degrees in biology and plant technology from the University of Bordeaux and the University of isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitor Angers in France. Dr. Reay-Jones then received a Ph.D. in entomology from Louisiana State University, USA, in 2005. After a post-doctoral research associate position at Texas A&M University, he accepted his current faculty position at Clemson University in 2006. He is a member of the Entomological Society of America. Dr. Selleckchem Fludarabine Reay-Jones conducts research programs in integrated pest management of insect pests in field crop systems. He has published in areas including host plant

resistance, cultural practices to reduce insect injury, insecticide efficacy, biological control, impact of invasive species, sampling procedures and spatial patterns of insect herbivores and associated crop injury. We are sure you will all join us in welcoming Dr. Reay-Jones to this position, in which he will no doubt make significant contributions to further strengthening the high reputation of the Journal. Ursula Culligan Publisher “
“Pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) is the most important representative of the Bromeliaceae and is cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide for local consumption and international export ( Ventura et al., 2009). Brazil is the major producer of pineapple, although affected by disease problems, the most important of which is fusariosis, caused by the fungus Fusarium guttiforme Nirenberg and O’Donnell (Syn.: F. subglutinans f. sp. ananas) ( Ventura and Zambolim, 2002). One strategy in the control of fusariosis has been use of resistant cultivars such as ‘Vitoria’ which is resistant to fusariosis. Fruit quality and agronomic characteristics are better than or equal to the traditional cvs. Perola and Smooth Cayenne (Ventura et al., 2009).

9 and 21 Levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and CXCL10 in QFT-IT supernatant were significantly higher in TB patients than in normal controls whereas

none of the 3 analytes clearly differentiated between TB and LTBI as previously reported. 9, 22 and 23 These data indicate that assessment of a combination of IL-2 and CXCL10 may enhance the sensitivity of IGRA that measures only IFN-γ levels for diagnosis of M. tb infection. In addition, serum VEGF-A concentrations may serve as a biomarker to discriminate TB from LTBI. The relatively low specificity of serum VEGF-A concentrations may be improved by the combined measurement of IFN-γ, IL-2 and CXCL10 in response to M. tb antigens. Molecular tests have high specificity and sensitivity for rapid diagnosis and differentiation between pulmonary TB and NTM diseases, 5 and 6 but our data also provide a panel of serum cytokines SGI-1776 manufacturer (IL-2, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α and sCD40L) for differential diagnosis of active TB and NTM (P < 0.01). This panel may aid in early diagnosis prior to identification of clinical isolates by culture. CD40L (CD154) is a co-stimulatory molecule that plays a role in enhancing cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens by inducing IL-12, which subsequently generates Th1-type cytokines through interactions with CD40 on macrophages p53 inhibitor or dendritic cells.24 Defective CD40L expression in PBMCs from TB patients contributes

to decreased IFN-γ production by PBMCs.25 Significantly higher levels of plasma sCD40L is present in plasma from TB patients in the fifth week of anti-TB treatment compared to pre-treatment,7 which is consistent with our findings. However, sCD40L

responses did not change significantly in response to M. tb antigens. It has been suggested that the IGRA is not appropriate as a monitoring tool for anti-TB treatment due to the substantial proportion of patients with positive QFT-IT (46%) and T-SPOT.TB® (79%) results after TB treatment. 26 There was no difference in IP-10 levels of QFT-IT plasma between pre- and post-treatment whereas significant changes in IP-10 release were observed in response to RD1 selected peptides (ESAT-6 and CFP-10). 27 Our study also showed no significant change in IP-10 levels of QFT-IT plasma between baseline and post-treatment. Meanwhile, Paclitaxel both the magnitude of IFN-γ responses and the proportion of the responders showing high IFN-γ production (>1000 pg/mL) were significantly reduced post-treatment (P < 0.001). Rapid decreases in TNF-α and IL-2 responses and the percentage of responders correlated with M. tb sputum conversion in culture after 2 months of treatment. These results suggest that screening levels of serum sCD40L together with M. tb antigen-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 responses may help evaluate drug efficacy, particularly the early therapeutic effect, in TB patients. However, our findings of M.

Total leukocyte counts, haematocrit levels, platelet counts, serum levels of albumin, plasma leakage (pleural effusion and ascites), and duration of hospitalisation differed significantly different between patients with DHF and those without DHF (Table 1). Because SOCS1 is a crucial regulator of IL-12-mediated IFN-γ production,9 we determined the expression level of SOCS1 in PBMCs derived from OFI and patients with DHF or DF by using a real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results showed that SOCS1 expression was elevated in DF patients, but not in those with DHF (Fig. 1(a)). In addition, we

assessed IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in blood to reflect the change of Th1/Th2 profiles related to severity. It was found that patients with DF elicited a higher IFN-γ production than those with DHF (P = 0.033, Fig. 1(b)). In contrast, patients with DHF had a higher SP600125 IL-10 level than those with 3 Methyladenine DF (P = 0.046, Fig. 1(b)). There were no difference in the IFN-α and IL-13 levels between patients with DF and DHF (data no showed). To further determine whether DENV-2 infection could induce SOCS-1 expression in vitro, we examined both of DENV-2 viral load and SOCS-1

expression in mRNA level of PBMCs isolated from healthy subjects at 12–48 h postinfection and at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, 5, and 10, respectively. We determine the viral titre both in at 12, 24 and 48 h postinfection and in MOI = 1, 5, and 10 by the TaqMan RT-PCR assay. The detected DENV-2 titres were related to the time course and dose dependent (data not shown). A significant increase in SOCS1 expression was induced in the primary DENV-2 infection in PBMCs from healthy individuals at 24 h postinfection (n = 6, P = 0.002,

Fig. 2(a)). To further determine what population of PBMCs induce the SOCS-1 expression, we found that CD14+ cells isolated by positive selection using CD14 microbeads were infected with DENV-2 at an MOI of 5, had significantly elevated SOCS1 expression, whereas CD14– cells did not (n = 6, P < 0.001, Fig. 2(b)). To determine which miRNAs were associated with DF or DHF, we initially screened 20 pairs of PBMC samples for 11 miRNAs that were potential regulators of SOCS1 based on bioinformatics-based analysis mafosfamide of the SOCS1 mRNA 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) (Fig. 3(a)). Using real-time RT-PCR, we analysed the expression levels of miR-150, 181a, 155, 221, and 572 in the PBMCs of DF and DHF patients (Fig. 3(b)). The expression levels of miR-221 (2.82-fold; P = 0.021) and miR-572 (4.60-fold; P = 0.012) in patients with DF were significantly higher than in DHF patients. Only miR-150 was expressed at elevated levels in DHF samples (7.16-fold; P = 0.008). We tested whether SOCS1 mRNA expression was inversely correlated to miR-150 expression in patients with DHF.