This selectivity was more robust when larger numbers of surrounding items and multiple features were included in the display, and it was absent when only a few items were presented immediately outside the CRF. In addition, the popout modulation

of V4 activity was eliminated when top-down attention was directed to locations outside of the CRFs during saccade preparation, indicating that the salience of popout stimuli is not sufficient Cl-amidine to drive selection by V4 neurons. These results demonstrate that neurons in feature-selective cortex are influenced by bottom-up attention, but that this influence is limited by top-down attention.”
“Whether uni- or bilateral drainage should be performed for malignant hilar biliary obstruction remains a matter of debate. Moreover, endoscopic placement of bilateral metallic stents has been considered difficult and complicated. Although the Y-stent with a central wide-open mesh facilitates bilateral stent placement, it has limitations. This study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of the Niti-S large YM155 cell D-type biliary stent (LCD) with a uniform large cell for both uni- and bilateral drainage of malignant hilar biliary obstruction.\n\nFrom April

2008 to March 2009, a total of 12 consecutive patients with unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction of Bismuth type 2 or greater underwent placement of LCD. Before LCD placement,

all the patients underwent endoscopic unilateral biliary drainage using a plastic stent or a nasobiliary drainage tube. If jaundice improved after the procedure, the plastic stent or nasobiliary drainage tube was replaced with the unilateral LCD. If jaundice did not resolve or contralateral cholangitis occurred, bilateral LCD placement was performed.\n\nSeven patients had unilateral and five patients had bilateral LCD placement. Technical selleck inhibitor success was achieved for all 12 patients. An early complication occurred for one patient (8%), and stent occlusion occurred for six patients (50%) because of tumor ingrowth (n = 4) or sludge (n = 2). These patients were managed by insertion of plastic stents (n = 4) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (n = 2). The median stent patency period was 202 days.\n\nThe newly designed endoscopic metallic stent may be feasible and effective for malignant hilar biliary obstruction, and endoscopic reintervention is relatively simple.”
“Objective: A major challenge in the management of patients with complex regional pain syndrome 1 is identifying those individuals who are at risk of developing severe problems. Data from large follow-up studies providing empirical evidence are largely lacking. The goal of this study was to obtain an expert-agreed priority list of parameters that are correlated with a poor prognosis.

Thus, studies on such topics introduce ethical questions regarding the risk-benefit ratio of sensitive research. We performed a systematic review of participants’ experiences related to sensitive research and compared consequent harms, benefits, MLN2238 and regrets among victims and nonvictims of abuse. Thirty studies were included (4 adolescent and 26 adult studies). In adolescent studies, 3% to 37% of participants (median: 6%) reported harms, but none of these studies measured benefits or regrets. Among adults, 4% to 50% (median: 25%) reported harms, 23% to 100%(median: 92%) reported benefits, and 1% to 6% (median: 2%) reported regrets. Our results suggest that the

risk-benefit ratio related to sensitive research is not unfavorable, but there are gaps in the evidence among adolescents.”
“A limited-transpiration (TRlim) trait has been identified in many crop species, including sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor (L.) Moench), that results in restricted transpiration rate under high vapor pressure deficits (VPD). The benefit of TRlim is that under high midday-VPD conditions crop water loss is limited so that there is water conservation and positions the crop to better withstand later-season drought. Previous studies performed at 31 degrees C found that TRlim was commonly expressed among sorghum genotypes. It was also found that those lines with low VPD breakpoints for expression of the TRlim trait exhibited insensitivity check details in transpiration rate to being fed silver ions. However, it is uncertain how applicable these previous results obtained at 31 degrees C might be at higher temperature that may exist at midday in regions where sorghum is commonly grown. Selleck Metabolism inhibitor The current study tested for the expression of TRlim at 37 degrees C in 16 sorghum genotypes previously found to express the trait at the lower temperature. Only three of the genotypes sustained expression of TRlim at 37 degrees C. These results indicate that for environments where temperature may commonly reach or exceed 37 degrees C, sorghum genotypes

have been favored that acclimate to the high temperature by losing the TRlim trait. In conditions in which very high temperatures threaten crop heat stress, those genotypes that lose the TRlim trait at high temperature may be more desirable since increasing transpiration rates at these temperatures can result in leaf cooling. The silver test failed to discriminate genotypes for expression of the TRlim trait at high temperature. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The Afghan population suffers from a long standing armed conflict. We investigated patients’ experiences of their access to and use of the health services. Data were collected in four clinics from different provinces. Mixed methods were applied.

448, p = 0.001 and OR = 13.430, p = 0.033, respectively). A nomogram that incorporated PSA-MR was considered a useful tool (predictive accuracy: 79.2%, 95% CI: 0.726-0.858, p smaller than 0.001). Furthermore, a nomogram that incorporated PSA-MR would have avoided 59.6% of unnecessary repeated PBx. The predictive accuracy of PSA-MR Selleckchem SNX-5422 was also superior to that of PSA or PSA-D (p = 0.013 and 0.009, respectively). Conclusions: PSA-MR was an independent predictor, and its consideration would have avoided 59.6% of unnecessary repeated PBx for PCa detection. PSA-MR was also superior than PSA or PSA-D. Our results support the use of PSA-MR to facilitate counseling

with patients after a negative initial PBx, and use of PSA-MR might reduce further unnecessary biopsies.”
“The ‘killer shrimp’, Dikerogammarus

villosus, has been recognised as one of the 100 worst alien species in Europe, in terms of negative impacts on the biodiversity and functioning of invaded ecosystems. During the last twenty years, this Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustacean has rapidly spread throughout Europe’s freshwaters and its invasion and continued range expansion represents a major conservation management problem. Although a great deal of research has focused on this click here almost ‘perfect’ invader as its damaging impacts, realised and potential, have become evident, we now present the first comprehensive review of D. villosus taxonomy, morphology, distribution, community impacts, parasites, life history, physiological tolerance and finally, possible eradication methods. We show the direct and indirect ecosystem impacts of this invader can be profound, as it is a top predator, capable of engaging in a diverse array of other feeding modes. It can quickly dominate resident macroinvertebrate communities selleck chemical in terms of numbers and biomass, with

subsequent large-scale reductions in local biodiversity and potentially altering energy cycling, such as leaf litter processing. This damaging European invader has the potential to become a key invader on a global scale as it may be capable of reaching North American freshwaters, such as the Great Lakes. One positive aspect of this invader’s spread and impact is increased interest in alien species research generally, from decision-makers, stakeholders and the general public. This has resulted in greater financial support to study invasion mechanisms, preventative measures to stop invasion spread and ways to minimise damaging impacts. Our review provides a specific example, that studies identifying management strategies that mitigate against a potential invader’s spread should be undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity in order to minimise potentially irreversible ecosystem damage and biodiversity loss.

“
“It has been proposed that continuously generated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) inhibits typical apoptosis and instead initiates an alternate, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-dependent process. Aside from the role of AIF, however, the detailed morphological characterization of H(2)O(2)-induced cell death is not complete. This study examined the cellular mechanism(s) by which the continuous presence of H(2)O(2) induces

cell death. We also further analyzed the precise role of AIF Copanlisib by inhibiting its expression with siRNA. Exposure of cells to H(2)O(2) generated by glucose oxidase caused mitochondrion-mediated, caspase-independent cell death. In addition, H(2)O(2) exposure resulted in cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation without nuclear fragmentation, indicating that H(2)O(2) stimulates a pyknotic cell death. Further analysis of AIF-transfected cells clearly demonstrated that nuclear translocation of AIF is the most important event required for nuclear condensation, phosphatidyl serine

translocation, and ultimately cell death in H(2)O(2)-exposed cells. Furthermore, ATP was rapidly and severely depleted in cells exposed to H(2)O(2) generated by glucose oxidase but not by H(2)O(2) added as a bolus. Suppression of the H(2)O(2)-mediated ATP depletion by 3-aminobenzamide led to a significant increase of nuclear fragmentation in glucose oxidase-exposed CH5424802 in vivo cells. Collectively, these findings suggest ACY-1215 that an acute energy reduction by H(2)O(2) causes caspase-independent and AIF-dependent cell death.”
“We and others have previously reported that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prevents left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction after myocardial infarction in animal models and human. We have also reported that G-CSF inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in animal models, but its precise mechanism is still

elusive. So, we examined the effects of G-CSF on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Twelve-week-old male ApoE(-/-) mice were subcutaneously administrated with 200 mu g/kg of G-CSF or saline once a day for 5 consecutive days per a week for 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion of aortic sinus was significantly reduced in the G-CSF-treated mice compared with the saline-treated mice (35% reduction, P<0.05). G-CSF significantly reduced the expression level of interferon-gamma by 31% and increased the expression level of interleukin-10 by 20% in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic sinus. G-CSF increased the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in lymph nodes and spleen, and enhanced the suppressive function of regulatory T cells in vitro. G-CSF markedly increased the number of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic sinus. Administration of anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) that depletes regulatory T cells abrogated these ather-oprotective effects of G-CSF.

MethodsA novel potent and selective NOP agonist SCH 221510 was used in the study. The effect of NOP activation on mouse intestinal motility was characterized in vitro and in vivo, in physiological conditions and in animal models of hypermotility and diarrhea. Well-established mouse models of visceral

pain were used to characterize the antinociceptive effect of the NOP activation. To provide additional evidence that the endogenous nociceptin system is a relevant target for IBS, NOP expression and nociceptin levels were quantified in serum and colonic biopsies from IBS-D patients. Key ResultsSCH 221510 produced a potent NOP-mediated inhibitory effect on mouse intestinal motility in vitro and in vivo in physiological selleck chemicals llc conditions. The NOP agonist displayed an antidiarrheal and analgesic action after oral administration in animal models mimicking Mocetinostat cost the symptoms of IBS-D. Studies on human samples revealed a strong decrease in endogenous

nociceptin system expression in IBS-D patients compared with healthy controls. Conclusions & InferencesCollectively, mouse and human data suggest that the endogenous nociceptin system is involved in IBS-D and may become a target for anti-IBS-D treatments using potent and selective synthetic NOP agonists.”
“Sylos Labini F, Ivanenko YP, Cappellini G, Gravano S, Lacquaniti F. Smooth changes in the EMG patterns during gait transitions

under body weight unloading. J Neurophysiol 106: 1525-1536, 2011. First published June 22, 2011; doi: 10.1152/jn.00160.2011.-During gradual speed MEK inhibitor clinical trial changes, humans exhibit a sudden discontinuous switch from walking to running at a specific speed, and it has been suggested that different gaits may be associated with different functioning of neuronal networks. In this study we recorded the EMG activity of leg muscles at slow increments and decrements in treadmill belt speed and at different levels of body weight unloading. In contrast to normal walking at 1 g, at lower levels of simulated gravity (< 0.4 g) the transition between walking and running was generally gradual, without systematic abrupt changes in either intensity or timing of EMG patterns. This phenomenon depended to a limited extent on the gravity simulation technique, although the exact level of the appearance of smooth transitions (0.4-0.6 g) tended to be lower for the vertical than for the tilted body weight support system. Furthermore, simulations performed with a half-center oscillator neuromechanical model showed that the abruptness of motor patterns at gait transitions at 1 g could be predicted from the distinct parameters anchored already in the normal range of walking and running speeds, whereas at low gravity levels the parameters of the model were similar for the two human gaits.

The effects of Pred were not mediated through cyclic nucleotide signaling, but rather seemed to evolve around selective regulation of P2Y(12) ADP receptor signaling, intimating a novel mode of action. This study details the actions

of Pred on platelets unveiling novel properties which could be relevant for this GC in controlling unwanted vascular and thrombotic diseases. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective\n\nOur objective was to describe the ultrasound features of GW-572016 purchase patients with PsA in joints and skin and their changes after treatment with infliximab.\n\nMethods\n\nEight hospitals recruited PsA active patients. Clinical (joint count for pain, TJC, and swelling, SJC, pain VAS, ESR, C-reactive protein and PASI) and US variables (plaque thickness, PD signal of dermal lesions, synovitis, erosions, and PD signal, assessed by 4-category ordinal scales) were independently recorded at baseline and 4, 12 and 24-week after starting treatment with infliximab. The results were analysed with

paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, ANOVA and marginal homogeneity test.\n\nResults\n\nChanges in 24 patients from baseline to last available data were significant for clinical variables, pain VAS, TJC and SJC as well as for ESR, CRP (all p<0.0005). Dermatological PASI changed from 14.6 +/- 14.9 to 2.1 +/- 4.1 and plaque thickness front 3.34 +/- 1.75 mm to 1.74 +/- 0.96 mm (both p<0.0005); synovitis and PD signal improved (both p<0.0005). Psoriatic plaque PD improved across the KU-57788 DNA Damage inhibitor study (p<0.0005) with no signal increasing from 36.4% to 88.9% and positive PD signal decreasing from 63.6% to 11.1% of the plaques\n\nConclusion\n\nTreatment with anti-TNF-alpha infliximab improves the symptoms of patients with PsA at joint and psoriatic skin levels from a clinical and ultrasonographic perspective.”
“One reason that ovarian cancer is such a deadly disease is because it is not usually diagnosed until it has reached

Go 6983 clinical trial an advanced stage. In this study, we developed a novel algorithm for group biomarkers identification using gene expression data. Group biomarkers consist of coregulated genes across normal and different stage diseased tissues. Unlike prior sets of biomarkers identified by statistical methods, genes in group biomarkers are potentially involved in pathways related to different types of cancer development. They may serve as an alternative to the traditional single biomarkers or combination of biomarkers used for the diagnosis of early-stage and/or recurrent ovarian cancer. We extracted group biomarkers by applying biclustering algorithms that we recently developed on the gene expression data of over 400 normal, cancerous, and diseased tissues.

These compounds comprise a new class of promising broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agents. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“A novel human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) allele, C*07:314, was identified in a French acute selleck chemicals lymphoblastic leukemia patient.”
“Cluster

headache is a severely debilitating disorder that can remain unrelieved by current pharmacotherapy. Alongside ablative neurosurgical procedures, neuro modulatory treatments of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and occipital nerve simulation have emerged in the last few years as effective treatments for medically refractory cluster headaches. Pioneers in the field have sought to publish guidelines for neurosurgical treatment; however, only small case series with find more limited long-term follow-up have been published. Controversy remains over which surgical treatments

are best and in which circumstances to intervene. Here we review current data on neurosurgical interventions for chronic cluster headache focusing upon DBS and occipital nerve stimulation, and discuss the indications for and putative mechanisms of DBS including translational insights from functional neuroimaging, diffusion weighted tractography, magnetoencephalography and invasive neurophysiology. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background\n\nSeveral metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) have been associated with a better outcome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including hyperlipidemia and obesity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DM would have

a positive effect on the motor and cognitive findings of ALS.\n\nMethods:\n\nWe compared data from ALS patients with pre-morbid DM (ALS-DM; n = 175) versus without DM (ALS; n = 3-MA clinical trial 2196) with regard to the age of onset, rate of motor progression, survival, and neuropsychological test performance.\n\nResults:\n\nThe age of onset was later for women, Caucasians and patients with bulbar-onset ALS. However, we also found that after adjusting for gender, ethnicity and site of onset, DM was associated with a 4-year later onset of ALS (ALS = 56.3, ALS-DM = 60.3, P < 0.05).\n\nConclusion:\n\nDiabetes mellitus type 2 may delay the onset of motor symptoms in ALS. These findings support other studies suggesting a relationship between the pathophysiology of ALS and metabolic derangements. Further investigations are needed to ascertain whether manipulating metabolic parameters would improve outcomes in ALS.”
“Background: Gantenerumab is a fully human anti-A beta monoclonal antibody in clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD).\n\nObjectives: To investigate whether treatment with gantenerumab leads to a measurable reduction in the level of A beta amyloid in the brain and to elucidate the mechanism of amyloid reduction.

05-50 mu M) using

this HCS assay. Based on this screen, we identified butafenacil as a potent inducer of anemia, as exposure from 0.39 to 3.125 mu M butafenacil completely abolished arterial circulation in the absence of effects on all other endpoints evaluated. Butafenacil is an herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen selleck screening library oxidase (PPO)-an enzyme necessary for heme production in vertebrates. Using o-dianisidine staining, we then revealed that severe butafenacil-induced anemia in zebrafish was due to a complete loss of hemoglobin following exposure during early development. Therefore, six additional PPO inhibitors within the ToxCast Phase-I library were screened to determine whether anemia represents a common adverse outcome for these herbicides. Embryonic exposure to only one of these PPO inhibitors – flumioxazin – resulted in a similar phenotype as butafenacil, albeit not as severe as butafenacil. Overall,

this study highlights the potential utility of this assay for (1) screening learn more chemicals for cardiovascular toxicity and (2) prioritizing chemicals for future hypothesis-driven and mechanism-focused investigations within zebrafish and mammalian models.”
“Oxidative stress and deficiency of the enzyme catalase, which is the primary scavenger of the oxidant H2O2, may contribute to diabetes. The current study examined two polymorphisms in the catalase gene, -262C > T in the promoter and 111C > T in exon 9, and their eff ects on blood catalase activity as well as on concentrations of blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, ApoA-I and ApoB. Subjects were type-1 and type-2 diabetics. We evaluated PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism for 111C > T and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for -262C > T. TT genotype frequency of 111C > T polymorphism was increased in type-1 diabetes. Type-2 diabetics

with the CC or CT genotypes had decreased catalase and increased glucose, hemoglobinA1c and ApoB. Type-2 diabetics who have TT genotype in -262C > may have elevated risk for diabetes complications; these https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1838705a.html patients had the lowest mean catalase and HDL, as well as the highest glucose, haemoglobin A1c, cholesterol and ApoB.”
“The kinetic folding of beta(2)-microglobulin from the acid-denatured state was investigated by interrupted-unfolding and interrupted-refolding experiments using stopped-flow double-jump techniques. In the interrupted unfolding, we first unfolded the protein by a pH jump from pH 7.5 to pH 2.0, and the kinetic refolding assay was carried out by the reverse pH jump by monitoring tryptophan fluorescence. Similarly, in the interrupted refolding, we first refolded the protein by a pH jump from pH 2.0 to pH 7.5 and used a guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) concentration jump as well as the reverse pH jump as unfolding assays.

Results showed that, Jiaweibugan decoction significantly ameliorated motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats, effectively decreased malondialdehyde levels in serum and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 mRNA and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mRNA in the dorsal root ganglion, and increased glutathione levels in serum. Therefore, our experimental findings indicate that Jiaweibugan decoction plays an anti-oxidative stress role in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy process,

which has a protective effect on peripheral nerve injury.”
“Introduction: Leishmaniasis broadly manifests as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis learn more (MCL). The treatment of VL is challenging. The duration Selleckchem BI-2536 of treatment is long, and drugs are toxic thereby needing monitoring and hospitalization.\n\nAreas covered: Novel therapies such as single dose of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) and multidrug therapy are important breakthrough for VL in the Indian subcontinent and have been recommended as the treatment of choice in this region. African Leishmania donovani is less susceptible to L-AmB, miltefosine and paromomycin as compared to the Indian strains, and the treatment

of choice remains a 17-day combination therapy of pentavalent antimonials (SBv) and paromomycin. L-AmB at a total dose of 18 – 21 mg/kg is the recommended regimen in the Mediterranean region and South America. It is also the treatment of choice for HIV-VL coinfection. Treatment of CL should be decided by the clinical lesions,

etiological species and its potential to develop into mucosal leishmaniasis. A literature search on treatment of leishmaniasis was done on PubMed and through Google.\n\nExpert opinion: There is an urgent need for exploratory studies with short course, highly efficient regimens such as single dose L-AmB or combination therapy for all the endemic regions of VL. Shorter and more acceptable regimens are needed for the treatment https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Treatment of CL remains one of the neglected areas of leishmaniasis as data are scarce and drawn from uncontrolled studies.”
“Introduction: Actinic keratosis (AK) represents the initial intraepidermal manifestation of abnormal keratinocyte proliferation, with the potential of progression to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Few visible AKs lead to the use of lesion-directed treatments, including ablative and/or surgical procedures. Multiple and/or the suspicion of subclinical (non-visible) AKs lead to the use of field-directed therapies, including topical and ablative treatments. Predicting which AK will progress to SCC is difficult, and so all are treated. The goals of treatment are to eliminate visible AKs and to treat subclinical (non-visible) AKs, minimizing their risk of progression to invasive SCC, while pursuing good cosmesis.

The concentrations of the volatile organic compounds (VOC) and reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) were measured by thermal desorber (TD)/gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and TD/GC/pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD), respectively. The emission patterns of volatile components generally fell into three distinct stages: (1) fresh: E-0 and 1, (2)

decaying or intermediate: E-3, and (3) decayed: E-6 and 9. In terms of the magnitude of concentration (ppb) and odor activity value (OAV), H2S at the fresh stage (E-0) was the most critical component of odor with 3655 and 8915, respectively. AL3818 in vivo The overall results of this study, if examined in terms of the sum of OAV for all odorants during the whole period, suggest that the strongest odorant emission occurs from the fresh

boiled eggs with its value exceeding that of others by about an order of magnitude. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“This paper describes a low cost, easy-to-implement circuit for triggering ignitrons in plasma physics experiments and other pulsed power applications. Using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for rapid switching, the circuit delivers > 200 A peak current from a 0.1-mu F capacitor to the ignitron trigger pin with a rise time of similar to 0.6 mu s. The trigger circuit is isolated from the ignitron by a pulse transformer. Details of the circuit design and practical considerations for working with IGBTs are discussed. Sources of inductance in the system are identified, and leakage inductance associated with the pulse transformer is shown to be the primary factor limiting the pulse rise time.”
“To evaluate GW786034 the long-term outcomes of patients with prostate cancer who have pathological pT3b N0-Nx, with postoperative PSA smaller than 0.1 ng/ml and no systematic adjuvant treatment. Using a monocentric prospectively maintained database, we identified among 2,142 men who underwent minimally invasive radical

prostatectomy, 104 pT3b N0-Nx patients, with postoperative PSA smaller than MLN4924 0.1 ng/ml and at least 5 years of follow-up. Patients were considered for salvage treatment at biochemical recurrence (PSA a parts per thousand yen 0.2 ng/ml). The median time of follow-up was 83.5 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 69-99). Overall, 102 patients (98 %) had T2 clinical stage or less. Specimen Gleason score was 7 in 71 patients (68 %) and smaller than 7 in 15 (14 %). Thirty-eight patients (37 %) were upgraded for Gleason score after radical prostatectomy. The overall 5-year probability of freedom from biochemical recurrence for the entire cohort was 55.8 % (95 % CI 45.8-65.8) and 73.3 % for patients who had specimen Gleason score smaller than 7 (p = 0.005). In univariate analysis, specimen Gleason score and surgical margin status were significant predictors for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (p = 0.05 and 0.007, respectively).