Our work shows that the expression levels of the D. vulgaris Hildenborough PerR regulon genes are specific and strongly depend on the H2O2 concentration and time of cell’s exposure (especially under low peroxide stress). Firstly, it demonstrates that all components of the PerR click here regulon are inducible by peroxide in the same way. Secondly, it shows that the expression of genes encoding other peroxidases such as the thiol peroxidase (tpx) or the nigerythrin (ngr) is also regulated by H2O2 and thus belongs to the H2O2 stimulon. In addition, we showed that that the PerR regulon and all members of the H2O2 stimulon defined above were inversely regulated in the presence of 0.1 and 0.3 mM H2O2. The response

to low levels of H2O2 involves an increase in the gene expression of several proteins that alleviate the toxicity and damage of cell macromolecules caused by H2O2 stress. H2O2 is a direct substrate for catalases and peroxidases.

Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough genome encodes for a catalase, but the katA gene is located on a 202-kb megaplasmid with nif genes, which has been documented to be lost during growth in ammonium-containing media (Fournier et al., 2003). Under these experimental conditions, peroxidases are thus the only enzymes responsible NVP-LDE225 purchase for H2O2 elimination. Peroxidase- and SOD-specific activity changes during the H2O2 stresses are in agreement with the transcriptional changes. Nevertheless, under normal anaerobic growth conditions, cells of D. vulgaris already contain relatively high levels of SOD and peroxidase activities required to respond to low oxidative stresses and to ensure survival. During high-peroxide stress (0.3 mM Unoprostone H2O2), all tested

genes that encoded metal-containing peroxidases (rubrerythrins and nigerythrin) SOD and SOR, were downregulated and global peroxidase- and SOD-specific activities were significantly lower compared with those in H2O2-untreated cells. This decrease may represent a critical factor in causing the cell death of D. vulgaris upon strong oxidative stresses. It was demonstrated that the exposure of D. vulgaris Hildenborough to a high oxygen concentration induced the inactivation and degradation of metalloproteins particularly abundant in this bacterium (Pereira et al., 2008). The release of metal cations from degraded proteins can contribute significantly to the production of further ROS (Dolla et al., 2006). Hence, a global downregulation of the metalloproteins (including metal-containing ROS-scavenging enzymes) represents an effective strategy to limit the availability of free metals. Under low-peroxide stress (0.1 mM H2O2), the increase of peroxidase (1.46-fold)- and SOD (1.2-fold)- specific activities after 30 min could be related to the upregulation of the corresponding genes at that time. Our data show that exposure of D. vulgaris to low-peroxide stress (0.

, Tokyo, Japan) with the significance criteria of the program (P<0.05). Real-time PCR was performed using a 7900HT Fast real-time PCR system selleck (Applied Biosystems). Reactions containing cDNAs from 100 ng total RNA and gene-specific primers were prepared with SYBR Green Realtime PCR Master Mix (Toyobo) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The primers used are listed in Table S1. The thermal cycle settings used were as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 15 s, annealing at 56 °C for 15 s, and extension at 72 °C for

1 min. The expression of target genes was normalized to the endogenous 16S rRNA gene in each strain. The relative quantification of target gene expression was performed using the comparative cycle threshold (CT) method (Livak & Schmittgen, http://www.selleckchem.com/HSP-90.html 2001). blast searches revealed that the TF0022 ORF encodes a HTCS protein that shares homology with GppX from P. gingivalis. We sequenced a fragment containing TF0022 and the upstream

flanking region from the ATCC 43037 genome and compared the data with the existing database sequence (http://www.oralgen.lanl.gov). Although some minor differences were found at the nucleotide level, none altered any functional domains or conserved motifs in the encoding protein (Fig. 1a, DDBJ/GenBank ID: AB587729). Alignment of the TF0022 and GppX polypeptides Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase revealed a notable structural difference: the TF0022 protein lacks the N-terminal portion containing a transmembrane region and part of a putative periplasmic/sensor domain with a TPR motif (Fig. 1b). However, the immediate upstream ORF, TF0023, is predicted to encode a small polypeptide containing an N-terminal transmembrane region and a C-terminal TPR motif of almost the exact length needed to complement the ‘lost’ N-terminus of the TF0022 polypeptide. Indeed, both TF0022 and TF0023

were found to share homology with GppX, yielding similar blast scores (Fig. 1b). A single TPR motif typically consists of 34 amino acids (Das et al., 1998), and GppX from P. gingivalis harbors three tandem repeats of TPR (ranging from residues 155 to 254) at the center of the putative periplasmic domain (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, the TF0023 and TF0022 genes are in the same reading frame, and translation of the nucleotide sequences across the two ORFs uncovered an additional TPR motif when an 18-bp intergenic region was included (Fig. 1a). In P. gingivalis, one of the characteristic phenotypes of the disrupted gppX locus is enhanced autoaggregation (K. Nishikawa, unpublished data). In T. forsythia, ATCC 43037 wild-type cells gradually autoaggregate in broth cultures and eventually precipitate to the bottom of the test tubes. However, we noticed that the broth cultures of TF0022-ko mutant tended to precipitate faster than those of the wild-type strain.

5). In UA159, cystine starvation resulted in Epacadostat a lower growth yield as well as a longer doubling time (Tdc. 93.3 ± 0.7 min) compared with its growth in the presence of cystine (Tdc. 76.3 ± 1.5 min), indicating that l-cystine is required for optimal growth of S. mutans. However, growth was completely abolished in SmTycABC under cystine starvation. Supplementing the modified growth medium with 0.1 mM cystine slightly improved the drastic growth impairment of the SmTcyABC mutant (Tdc. 118.2 ± 0.8 min). Similar to the SmTcyABC transporter mutant, the TcyR-deficient mutant (SmTcyR) had a longer doubling time (Tdc. 117.2 ± 3.8 min)

under cystine-supplemented (1 mM) conditions relative to wild type (Fig. 5). In contrast to SmTcyABC, SmTcyR was able to survive under cystine-deficient conditions, although its doubling time was remarkably increased relative to wild type (Tdc. 261.0 ± 11.9 min). Also importantly, growth kinetics of SmTcyR revealed a notable increase in the lag time regardless of the presence or absence of cystine, compared with the wild-type UA159 and SmTcyABC. We further evaluated the effect on growth by individual components of the TcyABC operon by conducting growth studies on mutants deficient in each gene. Briefly, growth kinetics were monitored for the TcyA, GSK J4 clinical trial TcyB, and TcyC

transporter mutants in modified MM without cystine (Fig. 6). The most drastic effect on growth was observed for SmTcyB. Similar to TcyABC, growth of this mutant was completely abolished without cystine. Although TcyA and TcyC were able to grow in cystine-deficient medium, their

growth was tremendously impaired relative to wild type as judged by their longer doubling times; Tdc. 131.3 ± 4.8 and 214.8 ± 21.5 min, respectively. Sperandio et al. 2010 also showed impaired growth in the form of pinpoint colonies when their TcyA mutant was grown in chemically defined medium with the addition of cystine as the sole sulfur source. However, they did not investigate the growth of other Tyc ABC mutants. The ability of some of our TycABC mutants to grow in the absence of cystine, albeit in an impaired fashion, suggests that the presence of other amino acids (i.e. glutamate and leucine), inorganic sulfur, and/or ammonium sources were sufficient to sustain growth. S. mutans possesses amino acid biosynthetic pathways and even though most amino acids are not freely available in the eltoprazine environment, some strains are able to synthesize all the necessary amino acids required for survival (Liu & Ferro-Luzzi Ames, 1998; Albanesi et al., 2005). The ability of S. mutans to scavenge and compete for limited nutrients in the plaque biofilm is an important aspect that confers an ecological advantage, which facilitates its survival and persistence in the oral cavity. The amino acid transport system in S. mutans UA159, encoded by the tcyABC operon that is induced under cystine-starved conditions, functions to maintain growth by transporting cystine into the cell.

5). In UA159, cystine starvation resulted in Selleckchem HSP inhibitor a lower growth yield as well as a longer doubling time (Tdc. 93.3 ± 0.7 min) compared with its growth in the presence of cystine (Tdc. 76.3 ± 1.5 min), indicating that l-cystine is required for optimal growth of S. mutans. However, growth was completely abolished in SmTycABC under cystine starvation. Supplementing the modified growth medium with 0.1 mM cystine slightly improved the drastic growth impairment of the SmTcyABC mutant (Tdc. 118.2 ± 0.8 min). Similar to the SmTcyABC transporter mutant, the TcyR-deficient mutant (SmTcyR) had a longer doubling time (Tdc. 117.2 ± 3.8 min)

under cystine-supplemented (1 mM) conditions relative to wild type (Fig. 5). In contrast to SmTcyABC, SmTcyR was able to survive under cystine-deficient conditions, although its doubling time was remarkably increased relative to wild type (Tdc. 261.0 ± 11.9 min). Also importantly, growth kinetics of SmTcyR revealed a notable increase in the lag time regardless of the presence or absence of cystine, compared with the wild-type UA159 and SmTcyABC. We further evaluated the effect on growth by individual components of the TcyABC operon by conducting growth studies on mutants deficient in each gene. Briefly, growth kinetics were monitored for the TcyA, Alpelisib datasheet TcyB, and TcyC

transporter mutants in modified MM without cystine (Fig. 6). The most drastic effect on growth was observed for SmTcyB. Similar to TcyABC, growth of this mutant was completely abolished without cystine. Although TcyA and TcyC were able to grow in cystine-deficient medium, their

growth was tremendously impaired relative to wild type as judged by their longer doubling times; Tdc. 131.3 ± 4.8 and 214.8 ± 21.5 min, respectively. Sperandio et al. 2010 also showed impaired growth in the form of pinpoint colonies when their TcyA mutant was grown in chemically defined medium with the addition of cystine as the sole sulfur source. However, they did not investigate the growth of other Tyc ABC mutants. The ability of some of our TycABC mutants to grow in the absence of cystine, albeit in an impaired fashion, suggests that the presence of other amino acids (i.e. glutamate and leucine), inorganic sulfur, and/or ammonium sources were sufficient to sustain growth. S. mutans possesses amino acid biosynthetic pathways and even though most amino acids are not freely available in the Selleckchem Fludarabine environment, some strains are able to synthesize all the necessary amino acids required for survival (Liu & Ferro-Luzzi Ames, 1998; Albanesi et al., 2005). The ability of S. mutans to scavenge and compete for limited nutrients in the plaque biofilm is an important aspect that confers an ecological advantage, which facilitates its survival and persistence in the oral cavity. The amino acid transport system in S. mutans UA159, encoded by the tcyABC operon that is induced under cystine-starved conditions, functions to maintain growth by transporting cystine into the cell.

05). Neurons this website with a significant main effect were defined as differential neurons. For each facial model, one-way anova was also performed. Responses to three frontal faces with three gaze directions, and those to right and left profile faces with two gaze directions were compared by Tukey post hoc tests (P < 0.05). Neurons with significantly different responses toward gaze directions were defined as gaze-differential neurons (Tukey post hoc tests, P < 0.05). Neurons with significantly different responses toward face orientations were defined as face orientation-differential neurons (Tukey post hoc

tests, P < 0.05). For other stimulus categories (cartoon faces, eye-like patterns, face-like patterns and simple geometric patterns), one-way anovas were also performed within the same stimulus category. Neurons with a significant main effect were defined as cartoon face-differential, eye-like pattern-differential, face-like pattern-differential and simple geometric pattern-differential neurons, respectively. Stimulus information conveyed by visually responsive neurons (bits/s) was computed as described in previous studies (Skaggs et al., 1993; Panzeri et al., 1996). These parameters were calculated as follows, We also analysed response latency to KU-57788 manufacturer each visual stimulus. For each neuron, one peri-event histogram was

constructed using the entire set of data for all trials and all stimuli. Neuronal response latency was defined as the interval from the onset of stimulus presentation to the time at which the neuronal firing rate exceeded the mean ± 2 SD of the baseline firing rate. Furthermore, for each neuron, individual peri-event histograms were constructed using data for each of the different stimulus categories. We compared the latencies to various stimulus categories to determine whether the characteristics of the specific visual stimuli could modulate the latencies of the pulvinar neurons. All data were expressed as mean ± SEM.

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a method used to simplify the analysis of relationships that exist within a complex array of data. Cediranib (AZD2171) MDS constructs a geometric representation of data to show the degree of relationship between stimuli represented by the data matrix (Young, 1987). MDS has been used to examine taste relationships in the gustatory system (Nishijo & Norgren, 1990, 1991), face categorization in the inferotemporal cortex (Young & Yamane, 1992) and spatial discrimination in the septal nuclei (Nishijo et al., 1997) by using data matrices representing neural activity in response to the particular stimulus array (i.e. taste solutions, photos of faces and photos of locations, respectively). In the present study, the 49 visual stimuli were used to elicit neural activity in pulvinar neurons.

Opaque-unfilled sealant (Delton LC Opaque), opaque-filled sealant (UltraSeal XT plus), and clear-filled sealant (FluroShield) were light cured in a covered slot-mold using the manufacturers’ shortest recommended curing

times with three high-power LED lights (3-s VALO, 5-s Fusion, 10-s Smartlite). A 40-s cure with a quartz-tungsten Cyclopamine clinical trial halogen (QTH) light was used as control. Vickers hardness was measured 24 h after curing at the sealant surface and through the depth (0.5 mm increments) (N = 10). Results were analyzed with two-way anova (pair-wise multiple comparisons, significance level 0.05). The high-power LEDs did not cure the sealants as deep as the QTH. Delton LC Opaque showed the least depth of cure as hardness values beyond a depth of 0.5 mm were not measurable regardless of the curing light. Even for UltraSeal XT plus, when surface hardness was about the same with all lights, hardness Selleckchem MK-2206 decreased more rapidly with depth for the LEDs. FluroShield showed the slowest decline in hardness through the depth for all lights. Manufacturers’ recommendations for shortest possible curing time with high-power LEDs were not sufficient for adequate polymerization

of the tested sealants. “
“To date, research on the relationship between dental caries experience and adiposity status is debated. To determine associations between dental caries experience and adiposity status among a community sample of preschool children in Hong Kong. Among a random sample of 5-year-old children, clinical assessment for dental caries was conducted using WHO criteria. Anthropometric measurements for body weight, body height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, Celastrol and triceps skinfold thickness (TRSKF) were performed to assess general adiposity, central adiposity, and peripheral adiposity. Associations between adiposity status and caries were examined in regression analyses. The response rate was 83.1% (324/390). Regression analyses (adjusted for tooth brushing habits, snacking habits, and socio-demographic

factors) identified that weight/height ratio z-score was associated with caries experience: prevalence of dental caries experience (dmft > 0), OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.04, 1.91), and ‘very high’ caries experience (dmft ≥ SiC10 Index value), OR 1.62, (95% CI 1.05, 2.50). In addition, WC z-score was associated with ‘very high’ caries experience (dmft ≥ SiC10 Index value), OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.06, 2.81. In a Hong Kong community sample of preschool children, dental caries experience was associated with general adiposity (as assessed by weight/height ratio) and central adiposity (as assessed by WC). “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 193–200 Background.  Interceptive extractions of deciduous canines are, from a patient perspective, poorly investigated. Aims.

, 2009). Dilutions of the stock solution were then used in the assays, to yield a final concentration of 192 μg mL−1, 384 μg mL−1 of extract in samples. The concentration of methanol in a sample was never >0.8% and it had no visible effect on the cell lines. The extract was assayed in a susceptibility test according to the M27-A2 method of NCCLS (National Committee Olaparib supplier for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002). None of the tested concentrations influenced C. albicans growth. Caco-2 and Intestin 407 cells were obtained from the Polish Academy of Science Culture Collection (Wrocław). Both lines were cultivated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 in MEM+GlutaMAX™-I containing Earle’s

and 25 mM HEPES (Gibco) and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution (Gibco) supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) at a final concentration of 20% for Caco-2 and 10% for Intestin 407. To obtain a fully confluent and enterocyte-like morphology in the case of the Caco-2 monolayer, Caco-2 and Intestin 407 cells were grown for 21 and 2–3 days, respectively. Selleckchem Ganetespib For the adhesion experiment, Caco-2 and Intestin 407 cells were seeded onto 96-well tissue microplates (Nunc) at a density of 2.0–2.5 × 104 cells per well at a final volume of 100 μL. Cells were grown

to ∼85–95% confluence with media refreshment every 2nd day. Subsequent, cells were washed to rinse out antibiotics and resuspended in the same medium supplemented with 2% FBS without antibiotics. Subsequent experiments were set up with the addition of: (1) C. albicans, (2) C. albicans with various concentrations of S. boulardii extract, and (3) C. albicans and S. boulardii at ratios of 1 : 1 (corresponding to 2 × 106 CFU mL−1 for both strains) and 1 : 10 (corresponding to 2 × 106 and 2 × 107 CFU mL−1 for C. albicans and S. boulardii, respectively). Control with S. boulardii extract contained 0.8%

methanol. The adhesion test was carried out for 3 h at 37 °C. After incubation, the wells were gently washed with PBS and cells were fixed with 4%p-formaldehyde. For a Rebamipide quantitative assessment of binding, cells were stained with 0.5% crystal violet (Freshney, 2002; Noverr & Huffnagle, 2004). The OD595 nm was read in a spectrophotometer (Asys UVM 340, Biogenet). Results are expressed as the percent of C. albicans adhesion inhibition with respect to 100% adhesion of C. albicans to the relevant cell line in the control well. Experiments were repeated eight times, with six repetitions in each. For microscopic analysis, plates stained with 0.5% crystal violet were observed under the inverted microscope CKX41 (Olympus) using × 40 objective and photographed using an ARTCAM-300MI camera. For assessment of the cytokine mRNA response of Caco-2 line, cells were typically cultured in 6 mL standard medium supplemented with 10 mM butyric acid in 40-mL flasks (Nunc), as described previously (Saegusa et al., 2004).

Following formation PF-2341066 of the Fe(II)–CO complex, a new species is formed over 1–2 h, absorbing at about 420 nm, the so-called P420 form, which arises by protonation of the proximal cysteine thiolate ligand of the heme iron (Perera et al., 2003; Dunford et al., 2007). CO-binding assays were also performed with each P450 and the primary electron transfer proteins ecoFdR and one of spinFd, balFd-V, balFd-VII or ecoFld. These assays monitor the ability of each donor to transfer one electron to the P450 heme Fe(III), followed by binding of CO to the Fe(II) form. Although the proteins tested have diverse species origins (spinach, E. coli and A. balhimycina) and cofactor types ([2Fe–2S], FMN, [3Fe–4S]), all four were able to reduce

the Fe(III) heme of vanOxyB, albeit to different extents. The plant spinFd rapidly (<6 min) led to up to 75% conversion (relative to dithionite) to the vanOxyB P450-form, whereas with ecoFld, a maximum of 40% conversion was attained only after 40 min. A rapid formation of the P450 from vanOxyB (<10 min) was also observed using either Fd from A. balhimycina, with 60% conversion with balFd-V and 45% with balFd-VII. The OxyB enzymes from the balhimycin and vancomycin pathways share 88% sequence identity. Nevertheless, some differences were observed between these enzymes in their abilities to accept electrons from the four primary redox partners. Thus, both balOxyB and vanOxyB are rapidly (<5–6 min)

and efficiently (80%) converted into the P450 form by spinFd, but the emergence of the P450 form with balFd-V and balFd-VII was slower and reached at best 40% (balFd-V) and 20% (balFd-VII) of SB-3CT the response seen with sodium

Natural Product Library supplier dithionite. With balOxyB, essentially no reduction was observed using ecoFld. These CO-binding assays do not indicate whether or not a second electron transfer can occur to the heme as required in the full P450 catalytic cycle. For example, spinFd can donate the first electron to camphor-bound P450cam, but allows no hydroxylation of substrate (Lipscomb et al., 1976). To address this point, assays were also carried out with peptide substrates of OxyB. The assay for the catalytic activity of OxyB is that described in an earlier work (Zerbe et al., 2004; Woithe et al., 2007, 2008; Geib et al., 2008). The substrates used are the model hexa- and heptapeptides 1 and 2 (Fig. 1), which are closely related to the expected intermediates occurring during glycopeptide biosynthesis. Each peptide is covalently linked as a C-terminal thioester to an isolated recombinant PCP domain from the seventh module of the vancomycin NRPS. For ease of synthesis (Li & Robinson, 2005), these model peptides contain tyrosine at positions-2 and -6, rather than β-hydroxy-meta-chlorotyrosine (see Fig. 1). Standard conditions were used for all assays, so that a comparison of turnover efficiencies could be obtained from the extent of linear peptide conversion into the corresponding monocyclic product.

We now have five FDA approved TNFi for use Selleck BTK inhibitor in AS patients. Certolizumab, a PEGylated monoclonal

antibody, is the most recent addition to this family. Certolizumab had similar efficacy in both AS and nrAxSpA in clinical trials, thus adding this agent to the club of other TNFi like Adalimumab, Infliximab and Etanercept[5, 13-15]. Data from early SpA trials also show clearly better response rates with TNFi as compared to the results of trials with these agents in AS patients with mean disease durations of 10 years or longer[16]. Thus, a role for the early initiation of treatment with TNFi in achieving higher efficacy is now well recognized. The other major advance in the field of TNFi therapy is the recent recognition that these biologics are not

only symptom controlling, but also disease modifying in AS. Earlier studies have looked at this question and failed to show this effect due to short duration of follow up and lack of adequately matched contemporaneous controls[17-20]. A major study involving patients from five large North-American centres addressed this issue. Stringent statistical techniques and adjustments for baseline characteristics in this study showed a significant reduction in radiographic progression in patients on TNFi compared to those receiving other standard of care[9]. Interestingly, patients who started these agents within selleck inhibitor the first 5 years of disease did much better than those starting them later[9]. This observation now makes a strong case for the existence of a therapeutic window in AS much like that in rheumatoid arthritis. Subsequently a smaller study from the German cohort GESPIC

also showed similar results and strikingly, both these studies needed a follow up period of >4 years to demonstrate the effect of TNFi on disease progression[20]. The title of this editorial is definitely catchy, but we need to remember that replication of these results from other longitudinal well-controlled cohorts are needed. A Interleukin-17 (IL-17) blocker is the latest drug studied and Immune system it was published after a proof-of-concept double blind study in 30 patients with AS[21]. Efficacy in reducing the signs and symptoms of AS were demonstrated in this study and larger studies on IL-17 blockade are needed before any firm conclusions are made. A phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor apremilast was the first oral small molecule inhibitor to be studied in AS. In a double blind randomized controlled phase II study, 36 AS patients were enrolled[22]. Although there were some differences in the clinical outcomes as compared to placebo, these were not significant enough to favour apremilast therapy. Albeit the nonsignificant changes, discontinuation of the drug led to rapid deterioration. Larger studies and longer follow up will be required for decisive conclusions.

The outcome of treatment was monitored over a period of 4 years. Long-term preservation of persistent primary teeth may be a meaningful alternative to removable dentures in growing patients with oligodontia. Intermediate

rehabilitation should cause no more than mild psychological stress for the patient and improve quality of life, especially when extensive orthodontic and/or implantological treatment is planned at the end of the patient’s skeletal growth. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 322–329 Background.  Hurler Syndrome is associated with a deficiency of a specific lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in early infancy is undertaken to help prevent the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and improve organ function. Aim.  To investigate the oral features and dental health of patients with Hurler Syndrome who have undergone Belnacasan successful HSCT. Materials and methods.  Twenty-five patients (median age 8.6 years) post-HSCT (mean age 9.4 months)

underwent oral assessment (mean of 7.5 years post-HSCT). Results.  SB203580 chemical structure Dental development was delayed. Numerous occlusal anomalies were noted including: open-bite, class III skeletal base, dental spacing, primary molar infra-occlusion and ectopic tooth eruption. Dental anomalies included hypodontia, microdontia, enamel defects, thin tapering canine crowns, pointed molar cusps, bulbous molar crowns and molar taurodontism. Tooth roots were usually short/blunted/spindle-like in permanent molars. The prevalence of dental caries was low in the permanent dentition (mean DMFT 0.7) but high in the primary dentition (mean dmft 2.4). Oral hygiene instruction with plaque and or calculus removal was indicated in 71% of those that were dentate. Conclusion.  Patients with Hurler

Syndrome post-HSCT are likely to have delayed dental development, a malocclusion, and dental anomalies, particularly hypodontia and microdontia. “
“Dental biofilm removal is difficult and can be ineffective in individuals with cerebral palsy. Determine the effectiveness Methane monooxygenase of brushing with an electric toothbrush on and off in comparison with manual brushing for the removal of biofilm in children aged four to 16 years with cerebral palsy. A crossover, randomized, simple-blind, clinical trial was conducted. The examiner was blinded to the brushing method (G1: manual; G2: electric toothbrush on; and G3: electric toothbrush off). The order was determined randomly. The participants (n = 40) were examined before and after brushing performed by caregivers using the Turesky–Quigley–Hein biofilm index. Statistical analysis involved the paired t-test, Wilcoxon, Kruskal–Wallis, and anova tests. Biofilm was significantly reduced with the three brushing methods (P < 0.001) (mean reductions: 47.6% in G1; 47.4% in G2; 44.5% in G3).