This enzyme is important for the ability of bacteria to colonize mucosal membranes in the presence of S-IgA antibodies in saliva [22] and might explain high dominance of these phylotypes in these particular samples. Notably, the

cheek sample from S3 still buy GSK2126458 contained one of the highest counts of taxa (234 phylotypes), but obviously at a very low abundance. Dimensional reduction of the OTU data by principal component analysis (PCA) explained 51% of the total variance among the Selumetinib supplier individual samples by the first three components (Figure 7A-B; PCA loadings and respective taxa are listed in Additional file 7). The greatest component (PC1, 29.7% of variance) discriminated between the samples of dental and mucosal origin, especially in individuals S1 and S3. The second

greatest component (PC2, 12.3% of variance) discriminated all samples of volunteer S3 from the samples of S1 and S2. The third component (PC3, 9.1% of variance) increased the separation of the samples of mucosal and dental origin, e.g. all three tongue samples aligning in the Selleck CP673451 vicinity of each other (Figure 7B), supporting the earlier findings that the tongue has a specific microbial profile [20]. Since saliva is easily and non-invasively accessible it is a popular sample in oral epidemiology and microbiome diversity [4, 16] studies. In our study, the profiles of the saliva samples were closer to communities obtained from mucosal than dental sites, which is in line with the results of a large scale survey on 225 healthy subjects where 40 selected bacterial species were followed using DNA-DNA hybridization technique [23]. Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis Bumetanide results on individual samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results on all individual samples at the level of OTUs clustering sequences at a 3% difference: A) the plot of the PCA axis 1 (accounting for 29.7% of intersample variation) and the axis

2 (12.3% of intersample variation); B) the plot of the PCA axis 1 and the axis 3 (9.1% of intersample variation). Blue dots – samples from individual S1, green dots – samples from individual S2, red dots – individual S3. A – approximal, B – buccal, L – lingual surface of i – incisor or m – molar tooth, respectively. Data were normalized to an equal number of reads per sample and log2 transformed. In order to explore if the location in the oral cavity has an effect on the microbiota of the particular niche (lingual, buccal or approximal surface of the tooth), we sampled two distant teeth – the front tooth and the first molar. No pattern could be found among the samples from individual S2. However, both distantly situated lingual samples from individual S1 and S3, as well as both approximal samples from individual S3, showed higher similarity than the buccal samples of the respective individual (Figure 7A-B).