Table 2 Yield of gas composition from catalytic Saracatinib in vivo pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica Catalyst Without catalyst Al-SBA-15 Yield (wt%) CO 2.71 3.64 CO2 19.78 19.03 C1 ~ C4 2.61 3.97 Water contents in bio-oil (wt%) 42.03 50.32 Figure 3 Product distribution of bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica. Figure 4 shows the detailed species distribution of oxygenates contained in the bio-oils produced from the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis experiments. 1,4-Anhydro-d-galactitol, which was the most abundant oxygenate species (24.6%) in the non-catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil, and 1,5-anhydro-d-manitol www.selleckchem.com/products/pf299804.html (6.3%) were completely removed by catalytic reforming over Al-SBA-15. The content of other
oxygenates including aldehydes and esters, which also deteriorate the stability of bio-oil, was also reduced significantly by catalytic reforming. Furans can be converted via various chemical reactions to valuable fine chemicals such as medicines, fuel additives, and agricultural chemicals and be applied to the synthesis of polymer materials like polyesters [2]. Therefore, increased production of furans can enhance the economic value of bio-oil. The total content of furans was increased greatly by catalytic reforming over GSK3326595 chemical structure Al-SBA-15 from 1.6% to 10.7%. This was attributed to the conversion of 1,4-anhydro-d-galactitol
and 1,5-anhydro-d-manitol by dehydration and other reactions such as cracking, decarbonylation, etc. occurring over Al-SBA-15 [3]. The content of another high-value-added component cyclopentanone, which can be used Clomifene for the synthesis of various chemicals including pharmaceuticals and pesticides [18], was also increased by catalytic reforming from 7.8% to 10.0%. Figure 4 Detailed species distribution of oxygenates in bio-oil from
catalytic pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica. Figure 5 shows the detailed species distribution of mono-aromatics, which are often the target high-value-added chemicals of catalytic reforming of bio-oil. The contents of benzene and ethylbenzene were not altered much by catalytic reforming but the contents of toluene and xylene were increased significantly. C9 mono-aromatics, which were not found in the non-catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil, were produced from the catalytic reforming. The increased production of mono-aromatics was attributed to the oligomerization and aromatization of pyrolysis reaction intermediates occurring on the acid sites of Al-SBA-15. Previous study [3] has reported that the catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over Al-SBA-15 produced mono-aromatics via oligomerization and aromatization. Figure 5 Detailed species distribution of mono-aromatics in bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis of Laminaria japonica. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of L. japonica Figure 6 shows the results of catalytic co-pyrolysis of L. japonica and PP using the fixed-bed reactor. Like in the pyrolysis of L.