2; ± 0.8 0.65 251 ± 35 −1.0; ± 3.1 0.56 Unclear (1/91/7) PC+G 13:13.3 ± 36.2 0.6; ± 0.9 0.25 248 ± 41 −2.4; ± 4.9 0.38 Likely trivial (0/77/23) (PC V PC+G) – −0.4; ± 0.9 0.49 – 1.4; ± 4.2 0.56 Unclear (14/85/1) Descent 2 37.5 – 46.4 CON 12:54.9 ±

37.3 – - 270 ± 42 – - – PC 12:55.7 ± 32.3 0.1; ± 0.8 0.78 267 ± 35 −0.6; ± 4.1 0.80 Unclear (1/95/4) PC+G 12:52.5 ± 35.3 −0.3; ± 1.1 0.63 273 ± 44 1.8; ± 6.4 0.61 Unclear (13/84/3)     (PC V PC+G) – 0.4; ± 0.7 0.29 – −1.7; ± 4.8 0.53 Likely trivial (0/92/8) Note: CL = confidence limits; OR = odds ratio; P = probability; Outcomes were assessed by using the following criteria: trivial <0.4%, small 0.4 – 1.1%, moderate 1.2-2.0%, large 2.1-3.2%, very large 3.3 – 5.1%, and extremely large >5.2% change in performance time. Rectal

LDN-193189 clinical trial temperature towards the end Torin 2 of the stabilization phase (t=−65 min before the TT) was considered to be the baseline value for each trial. At this time point, there were no differences in rectal temperature between trials (P>0.05, Figure 1a). Relative change in rectal temperature at the end of the warm-up and just prior to selleck products the time trial was significantly lower in the PC+G compared with the CON trial (P<0.05). Relative change in rectal temperature continued to rise during the time trial in all trials, such that there was no difference in relative change in rectal temperature between treatments during this phase (CON, 1.33 ± 0.27°C.h-1; PC, 1.45 ± 0.32°C.h-1; PC+G, 1.39 ± 0.26°C.h-1; P>0.05). Figure 1b shows the changes

in heart rate during each trial. Figure 1 Relative change in rectal temperature (a) and heart rate (b) throughout the experimental trial. Significant time effects from t=−65 min before TT (arrow) are denoted by dark symbols. Significant time effect from t=−180 min to t=−150 min following drink ingestion with and without glycerol ingestion denoted by alpha (α). Significant effects of precooling treatment (1; PC and 2; PC+G) compared with CON are denoted by a star symbol (*1,*2, Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease respectively). Significant interaction between PC and PC+G treatments are denoted by a hash (#) symbol. Collection of ‘first-waking’ urine samples on the morning of each trial, mean changes in body mass, fluid consumed and urine volume produced during the trials are presented in Table 2. The time course of urine production represented in Figure 2a and the corresponding specific gravity of these samples is represented in Figure 2b. Due to the inclusion of slushie ingestion being part of the precooling intervention, the amount of sports drink ingested by subjects inside the heat chamber (t=−120 min to end of the time trial or ~3.5 h) was greater in PC (1,335 ± 211 ml) and PC+G (1,356 ± 206 ml) trials, compared with the CON (299 ± 214 ml, P<0.001) trial, which provided a further ~80 g of carbohydrate. Table 2 Fluid balance   CON PC PC + G   Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD ‘First waking’ Urine Specific Gravity 1.015 ± 0.005 1.015 ± 0.005 1.016 ± 0.004 Δ BMA (kg) −2.56 ± 0.60 −2.50 ± 0.61 −2.52 ± 0.