The V0 isoform contains both GAG-α and GAG-β regions, V1 only GAG-β and V2 only GAG-α. V3 contains no GAG binding domains and is thus without CS chains. V2 is suggested to be specifically involved in perinodal ECM structuring in development [55]. Levels and location of lectican expression change during development, culminating in an organized, stable and abundant distribution in the adult healthy ECM. Their biological roles and

relevance to injury and repair is discussed later. NG2 is, uniquely, a highly conserved ∼300 kDa transmembrane CSPG [56] (the mouse homologue AN2 and human melanoma proteoglycan antigen are identical). Within the healthy CNS, NG2 is found on the surfaces of developing and adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells Buparlisib [57]. A single transmembrane portion separates

a short cytoplasmic tail from a large extracellular domain. This may be cleaved at sites near to the external plasma membrane and released into the ECM as a whole ectodomain. Based on structure and function the extracellular portion can buy Epacadostat itself be divided into three further domains: N-terminal globular domain 1, an extended central nonglobular domain 2 and the juxtamembrane domain 3. The central domain 2 features GAG attachment sites and also interacts with collagen V and VI [58,59]. Domains 1 and 3 are likely to be accessible to interact with the ECM and neurones differently depending on whether the ectodomain is cleaved [60] (reviewed in [61]). Following injury to the CNS, proliferation of NG2-positive about cells can be observed at the lesion site [62]. These represent a mixed cell population

including oligodendrocyte precursor cells, meningeal cells and macrophages; the collective effect of which is increased NG2 expression [63–66]. NG2 has been identified as a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in a number of in vitro studies [67,68]. Multiple regions of the NG2 proteoglycan can inhibit neurite outgrowth, shown by in vitro application of function-blocking antibodies to domains 1 and 3 [60]. Phosphacan (also known as DSD-1) is a large CSPG with a core protein size of 255 kDa. It is encoded via a splice variant of the transmembrane receptor RPTPβ. Four known isoforms of RPTPβ are generated by alternative splicing, all sharing a common extracellular N-terminal sequence including carbonic anhydrase and fibronectin type III domains. The traditional phosphacan molecule is the extracellular component of RPTPβ, still featuring an intervening sequence region with GAG attachment sites found between the intra and extracellular domains of RPTPβ. A third splice variant, the RPTPβ short-form lacks this glycosylated region, as does a further short-form isoform [69]. Phosphacan has been found to have opposing effects on neurite outgrowth, inhibiting DRG explant extension but promoting hippocampal neurone growth in the presence of polycationic substrate in vitro [70,71].