The most remarkable change in September (Figure 6e), compared with previous months, is the sudden weakening of the upwelling frequency off the Swedish south coast (area 19, frequency only

about 5–15%). Also along the Swedish coast of the Baltic Proper the upwelling frequency is now only 10–27%. The reasons for this behaviour requires more detailed analysis (see section 5). The upwelling frequency is high off the Estonian coast beta-catenin inhibitor of the Gulf of Finland (values up to 20%): this reflects the existence of easterly winds, whereas upwelling along the Finnish coast is still quite intense with values > 20%. An interesting feature is that now upwelling sometimes occurs nearly all around the Gulf of Finland, even exceeding the limit of 28 km (see section 2.2). This KU-57788 could be due to the formation of filaments and squirts (see e.g. Zhurbas et al. 2008). A clear signal is visible in the Gulf of Bothnia, where upwelling is intense along both coasts: on the Finnish coast and on the Swedish side the upwelling frequency is typically between 15 and 25%. As in the Gulf of Finland, the area of the Gulf of Bothnia occasionally affected by upwelling is larger (Figure 6e). In addition to the SST maps derived from satellite images, 3060 daily mean SST maps extracted from the model data base were analysed for upwelling areas by utilizing the automatic detections method with a temperature threshold of 2 °C. There were two reasons for doing this analysis.

Firstly, we wanted to verify BSIOM’s ability to simulate upwelling against our statistical analysis based on maps of recorded SST. Secondly, if the model can satisfactorily simulate upwelling, the wind forcing must then be sufficient to cause upwelling. Hence, we can analyse the wind field with respect to wind conditions favourable and unfavourable to upwelling. Figure 7 displays the results of the automatic detections method based on 3060 SST maps for the months of May to September

for the period 1990–2009. The scaling Casein kinase 1 is from 1 to 30%, which corresponds to about 31–918 days with upwelling. In accordance with the satellite derived data, the highest upwelling frequencies (20–25%) can be found in area 10 along the Finnish coast of the Gulf of Finland, 16, 17 and 18 on the Swedish coast of the Baltic Proper and 22 at the southern tip of Gotland. For the west coast of Rügen (1), the Polish coast (2), the Swedish south coast (19), the Swedish coast of the Gulf of Bothnia (14 and 15) the frequency is 10–16%. Areas 3, 4, 5, 7, 11 and 21 have somewhat lower values – 5–10%. No upwelling was recorded in areas 9, 13 and 20. Generally, upwelling frequencies derived from satellite data and from BSIOM are highly correlated. To estimate the quality of the agreement we calculated the total number of pixels/boxes, and the number of pixel/boxes for specific upwelling frequency ranges for which upwelling could be detected. Corresponding areas can be determined from the different resolutions of the data used (Table 2).