The FPR is the sum of the values for each charge state. Total RNA was isolated from L. monocytogenes 10403S and the ΔsigB mutant following vancomycin stress (final concentration of 2 μg mL−1) using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Qiagen strasse 1, Hilden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The RT reaction was performed using a First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Fermentas, Glen Burnie, MD). Briefly, 0.5 μg of total

RNA and 1 μL of random hexamer primer were incubated at 65 °C for 5 min. M-MuLV RT (40 U) was then added, followed by incubation at 25 °C for 5 min and 37 °C for 60 min. The reaction was terminated by heating at 70 °C for 5 min. The resulting E7080 chemical structure cDNA was amplified by PCR using the primers listed in Table 1 in order to determine the transcript levels. As a negative control, the RT reaction was performed without the addition of reverse transcriptase. cDNA was normalized to the 16S rRNA

gene (Abram et al., 2008). The band intensities see more of PCR products were measured using an image analysis program (quantity one, Bio-Rad). As shown in Fig. 1a, vancomycin was added at time 0 (early logarithmic growth phase, OD600 nm=0.3) to two parallel cultures grown in BHI broth. The specific activity of β-galactosidase in wild-type L. monocytogenes was drastically increased about 22-fold upon vancomycin treatment. On the other hand, the ΔsigB mutant showed basal β-galactosidase-specific Obeticholic Acid cell line activity (Fig. 1a), indicating that increased expression was completely σB-dependent. The specific activity of β-galactosidase

was not observed in both the wild type and the ΔsigB mutant L. monocytogenes grown without the addition of vancomycin (data not shown). No difference in the logarithmic growth levels was observed between the wild-type strain and ΔsigB mutant vancomycin treatment (Fig. 1b). We used LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis to identify σB-dependent vancomycin-inducible proteins. Two independent proteomic analyses confirmed the minimum twofold upregulation of 18 vancomycin-inducible proteins in the wild-type strain compared with the ΔsigB mutant (Table 2). Of these 18 proteins, 10 were already known as σB-dependent proteins in L. monocytogenes (Kazmierczak et al., 2003; Chatterjee et al., 2006; Hain et al., 2008; Raengpradub et al., 2008). The other eight were putatively identified as σB-regulated proteins involved in vancomycin tolerance.