The form of spreading suggested by Ewans is used in the paper. Besides the progress made with bidirectional spreading, the accurate reproduction of sea surface slopes still requires more study. The second part of the paper discusses the increase BLZ945 solubility dmso in the sea surface area as a result of wave

motion. The formulae developed show that the increase in area is in fact rather small for both regular and irregular surface waves. “
“Remote sensing based on optical measurements makes it possible to collect continuous data from inaccessible places and is used in different areas of the earth sciences. Orbital platforms or aircraft collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, which provide information for monitoring natural phenomena. Remote

sensing works on the principle of the inverse Epigenetic inhibitor solubility dmso problem: although the parameter of interest (for example: temperature) may not be directly measurable, there exists some optical variable that can be measured, which may be related to that parameter through the use of a data-derived computer model (Parkinson et al. (eds.) 2006). Such a model should be based on the real physical relationship between the parameter of interest and the measured optical variable. Moreover, any model should take many different phenomena into consideration and should be corroborated with experimental data. This is what has happened in the modelling of light fields in a structure of such complexity as the sea (e.g. McKee et al. 2008, Piskozub et al. 2008). Seawater often contains many different constituents and the presence of many of them is manifested by optical phenomena (Dera 2003). Petroleum is one of the most common

pollutants of the marine environment; indeed, in some basins it is an almost constant component of seawater Parvulin (GESAMP 1993, 2007). Petroleum occurs in various forms in seawater (Kaniewski 1999). Each of these forms exerts its own individual influence on the environment and modifies the optical properties of the polluted water (Otremba 1997, Otremba et al. 2003). An oil-water emulsion is one of the forms of oil pollution. The average concentration of emulsion particles in seawater is assumed to range from 109 m−3 in oceanic water to over 1013 m−3 in such basins like Pomeranian Bay (Gurgul 1991). An emulsion is a turbid medium, and light scattering is the main optical phenomenon through which it makes its presence felt in deep water. Light scattering1 can be described by the volume scattering function β ( Jerlov 1976). This function characterizes the optical properties of any medium, including seawater ( Dera 2003). The function β is calculated by averaging the intensity functions 2 on the basis of the size distribution of the emulsion particles and their concentration ( Bohren & Huffman 1983).