The existence dimension refers to an individual perception of his or her life. Life has meaning under all circumstances. Frankl contended that our main motivation for living is the will to find a life meaning. We have the freedom to find meaning in what we do and in what we experience. The existence dimension of the purpose in life includes whether life best is perceived to be enthusiastic versus boring, exciting versus monotonous, or new versus unchanged. Youth researchers can use the scale to examine the concept of life meaning among early adolescents. A norm table can be designed to examine the trend of the purpose in life among early adolescents as well as for cross-cultural comparison. The EPIL provides an avenue for unique and down-to-earth application of measuring life purposes.

The existence domain of PIL is more relevant to adolescents. Other domains such as death and retirement are not entirely relevant to early adolescents [15, 24]. The EPIL provides a practical approach to measure early adolescents’ purposes in life.The current study has several limitations. First, the research findings are based on the perceptions of early adolescents in Hong Kong. There is a need to replicate the current study in adolescents with different ethnicities and contexts. Second, the respondents are from convenience sampling and not from sampling, although the sample size is large. The application of the findings to other adolescent populations should be interpreted with caution because of questionable generalizability. Third, items specifically related to early adolescents’ purposes in life are not included.

One example is the inclusion of the importance of the academic achievement, which is demonstrated to be one of the utmost concerns among adolescents [29]. Fourth, most existing studies adopt the PIL, which differs from the EPIL. Thus, EPIL scores cannot be compared with past PIL scores directly. Despite these limitations, the current study is the first to validate the EPIL for early adolescents. The measure can be used as outcome indicators in positive youth development programs in Chinese contexts. In fact, in the Project P.A.T.H.S., measures derived from the PIL were used to assess the existential well-being of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong [30�C34].

Medicinal plant remedies are an integral part of the history and culture of people in developing countries where they are widely used to cover basic health care needs and their use is also becoming part of the integrative healthcare system of developed nations as complementary and alternative medicines [1]. Plant remedies are favoured as a cheaper Cilengitide and readily available alternative form of treatment and Borris [2] estimated that between 250000 and 500000 plant species exist on earth thereby representing a biologically and chemically diverse resource.