Since concentrations of LPS and recoveries of HSA of recovered fractions were relatively constant as shown in Figure 4 of an elution profile example, the results of the column-wise adsorption were summarized by an average value of fractions in Tables 1 and 2. Figure 4 Elution profile of LPS and HSA from the column packed with MK-1775 mouse porous supports bearing lipid membranes. Since concentrations of LPS in all fractions were lower than the detection limit, they were plotted at the detection limit of 0.02 ng mL-1. Concentration of LPS (filled triangle) and recovery of HSA (open circle). Table 1 Column-wise adsorption of LPS and HSA using the porous supports bearing lipid membranes

Run Solution applieda Solution recoveredb   pH Ionic strength selleck chemicals LPS LPS HSA         Concentration (ng mL-1) Concentration (ng mL-1) Selleck RAD001 removal (%) Recovery (%) 1 4.3 0.01 4.2 0.039 99.1 101 2 5.3 0.1 3.6 <0.020 99.4< 100 3 7.0 0.1 5.6 <0.020 99.6< 100 4 8.0 0.05 3.2 <0.020 99.4< 100 aThe concentration of HSA is 5 mg mL-1; bLPS concentration, LPS removal, and HSA recovery are averages of recovered fractions. The adsorption capacity of the porous supports bearing lipid membranes was estimated as >2.36 × 104 EU mL-1 adsorbent by other runs at pH 4.3, μ = 0.05. Table 2 Column-wise adsorption of LPS and HSA using various adsorbents Run Adsorbent used Solution applieda Solution recoveredb     LPS LPS HSA     Concentration

(ng mL-1) Concentration Astemizole (ng mL-1) Removal (%) Recovery (%) 3 Porous supports bearing lipid membranes 5.6 <0.020 99.6 100 5 DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B 39 0.079 99.8 37 6 Pyrosep; histidine-immobilized agarose 38 0.110 99.7 104 7 Directly alkylated porous chitosan 3.2 0.058 98.2 96 aHSA concentration, 5 mg mL-1; pH, 7.0; ionic strength, 0.1; bLPS concentration, LPS removal, and HSA recovery are averages of recovered fractions. As shown in Table 1, in the case of the porous supports bearing lipid membranes, LPS was removed to lower than 0.020 ng mL-1 at pH 5.3, 7.0, and 8.0 and to 0.039 ng mL-1 at pH 4.3 with a quantitative recovery of protein.

In the case of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and histidine-immobilized agarose (Table 2), concentrations of LPS in the recovered solution were higher than those in the porous supports bearing lipid membranes. Since the removal of LPS to lower than the detection limit is usually required for pharmaceutical applications, the above removal ability of the porous supports bearing lipid membranes can be an advantage in practical use. Mechanism of the selective adsorption of LPS For the argument of adsorption mechanism, the electric charge of LPS and protein, aggregation behavior of LPS, and interaction between LPS and protein should be reviewed. Since lipid A is partially phosphorylated, LPS exhibits a net negative charge at all pH ranges applied. On the other hand, since pI of albumin is 4.9, it exhibits a net positive charge at pH 4.3 and a net negative charge at pH 5.3, 7.