Serum samples were unavailable for both members of 2 pairs. Zygosity was confirmed by genotyping 46 single nucleotide polymorphisms using two Sequenom iPlex panels. The analysis sample consisted of 45 pairs of rigorously discordant and genetically proven monozygotic twins. Discordance was defined as one twin meeting criteria for either idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF, 13 pairs) or CFS (32 pairs) [1, 2] and the co-twin was required never to have experienced impairing unusual https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html fatigue or tiredness lasting more than one

month. Thus, all affected twins were required to have current, long-standing (≥6 months), medically unexplained fatigue associated with substantial impairment in social and occupational functioning and the unaffected co-twins were effectively well. Biological sampling Biological sampling was standardized by having samples drawn from both members of a twin pair at the same place and time (~0900) after an overnight fast. We required that all subjects be in their usual state of health on the day of sampling (i.e., no acute illness or recent exacerbation of a chronic illness). It was neither practical nor ethical to study subjects medication-free,

but we delayed assessment if there had been a recent significant Selleck MK-4827 dosage change. Peripheral venous blood was drawn using sterile technique. Viral library preparation and sequencing Serum samples from 45 pairs of affected

and unaffected monozygotic twins were available for this study. Sample preparation for library construction was as described previously [14] and, briefly, consists of viral particle recovery and nucleic acid extraction, followed by amplification and cloning of viral nucleic acid. Serum samples (200 μl) from the affected twins were pooled separately from their unaffected co-twins. Serum pools were then filtered either through 0.22 μm or 0.45 μm membrane filters (Millipore) and virus particles were concentrated by ultracentrifugation (41,000 rpm for 1.5 h at 4°C in a Beckman SW41 rotor). Exogenous nucleic acids were removed by DNaseI and RNaseA treatment followed by extraction of viral DNA (Qiagen) or RNA (Trizol, selleck chemicals llc Invitrogen). First strand synthesis was carried out with Hydroxychloroquine mouse a random primer containing an EcoRV site plus exonuclease negative Klenow polymerase (Promega) for DNA and Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) for RNA. Second strand synthesis for the above reactions was carried out with exonuclease negative Klenow polymerase (Promega). These were then amplified with AmpliTaq Gold polymerase (Applied Biosystems) and a primer complementary to part of the random primer used in first strand synthesis. PCR products were purified, digested with EcoRV, subjected to gel electrophoresis, and bands 500 bp – 5 kb were extracted from the gels.