Sequences of the complete HA genes isolated from multiple escape variants were compared with the parental virus. It was found that mutants

generated with Mab 62 have a single mutation on amino acid 175 from Lysine to Glutamate. Mab 98 carried mutations either at amino acid 136 (Ser to Gly), or 137 (Gly to Arg). The numbering of amino acid on HA starts from “ATG” and includes the signal peptide. In order to determine the significance this website of the neutralization epitopes of Mab 62 and 98, the protein polymorphism of H7 was studied (Table 2), taking into account all H7 sequences in the NCBI database. On the 175th amino acid, Lysine and Asparagine appear in more than 99.9% of H7 AIV strains listed. Lysine is the most dominant amino acid with the frequency of 97.9% among avian H7 strains and 100% among human H7s. On the 136th amino acid, Serine exists in 96.6% of avian strains and 100% of human H7 strains, while Glycine on the 137th amino acid exists in 99.9% of avian H7 and 100% of human strains. This finding indicates that the two Mabs are able to recognize or neutralize all the H7 human strain identified so far, suggesting their Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor potential for universal H7 AIV detection. Table 2 Epitope frequency in both human and avian H7 strains Mab Amino acid Human frequency Avian frequency 98 136 Ser 100% 96.6% 137 Gly

100% 99.9% 62 175 Lys 100% 97.9% Development of the dual-function-ELISA The dual-function-ELISA was operated as shown in Figure 1. Resveratrol H7 antigen can be detected in an AC-ELISA based on H7 specific Mabs. Mab 62 was randomly selected as the detector antibody Idasanutlin datasheet and Mab 98 was used as the capture antibody due to their equivalent performance in the reversible use in H7 AC-ELISA. Optimal concentrations of

MAbs 62 and 98 for detection and capture were determined by two-way titration of MAb concentrations. The combination that gave the highest signal-to-noise ratio was determined to be 0.5 ug/well of capture MAb 98 and 0.9 ug/well of MAb 62 for detection. The tested virus was considered to be positive with H7 antigen in the dual ELISA when the absorbance was three times higher than that of the non-H7 viruses. Figure 1 Procedures of both antigen and antibody detection in the dual-function-ELISA. Serum antibodies to H7 can be detected by virtue of their ability to block the recognition of the target epitope by a H7 specific Mab in an ELISA assay. To combine this assay to the AC-ELISA, serum samples were incubated with the fixed amount of recombinant baculovirus, which displays H7 on the virus surface, before being loaded to the plate coated with the capture Mab. H7 antibody titers in samples were determined based on the reduction of the detected H7 baculovirus. Different concentrations of H7 baculovirus were tested before confirming the optimal concentration at 8 HAU. Serum panels from normal or H7 immunized chicken and mice were used to determine the cut-off value.