ls on every single of 4 days. In just about every trial, a rat was placed into the water facing the pool wall, randomly from every of 4 starting up positions. The trial was terminated and the latency was recorded when the rat discovered the platform inside of 180 s. Otherwise, the trial was terminated along with the rat was led towards the platform. Around the fifth day, the rats acquired a probe trial in which the platform was removed. The rat was positioned into the water as in advance of to check its memory with regards to the past place on the platform. Histology Immediately after the Morris water maze check, 3 rats from every single group have been perfused with heparinized saline to remove blood through the vasculature, then with 4% paraformal dehyde in phosphate buffered saline. The entire brain was then removed and stored from the exact same fixative.

Following paraffin embedding, five um sections have been obtained and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Morphologic changes of hippocampal article source neurons have been examined working with light microscopy. For cell counting from H E stained sections, 9 consecutive high power fields have been sampled through the hippocampal CA1 subfield. Cells by using a dis tinct nucleus and nucleolus had been regarded as intact neurons. Neurons had been counted employing a microscope at 400× magnification. The extent of cell death was esti mated by the count of intact cells divided from the total cell count. SOD action assay Just after Morris water maze test, four rat brains from just about every group have been harvested. The hippocampi were homogenized with normal saline. Then SOD action was detected utilizing 0. 05 ml of 1% homogenate according for the manual of SOD assay kit.

The absorbance of samples at 550 nm was detected by using a spectrophotometer. The protein written content was measured through the approach of coomassie AG-1478 153436-53-4 brilliant blue. MDA material assay Hippocampal MDA articles was detected according on the manual on the maleic dialdehyde assay kit. Following Morris water maze test, brains have been eliminated. The hippocampi had been homogenized with regular saline. MDA content was detected utilizing 0. 2 ml of 10% homogenate. The absorbance at 532 nm was detected with the spectrophotometer. The protein written content was measured through the process of coomas sie brilliant blue. Metal articles detection After Morris water maze check, 3 rat brains from each group were harvested. Each hippocampus was dissected and stored at ?80 C until finally metal analysis. To detect metal contents from the brain, the hippocampus was weighed and homogenized in 2 ml of ddH2O.

All homogenates were digested in 8 ml g?1 wet brain of 25% tetraethyl ammo nium hydroxide solution at 80 C for 24 h, as well as the mixture was then adjusted to a last volume of 10 ml with ddH2O and diluted 5 instances ahead of analysis. The examined metals have been Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn and were analyzed by in ductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. In order to avoid interference of metal ions, o