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of SM. YYC did TEM under the instruction of SM and JRY. HCC supported in the deposition of the Gd2O3 film. All the authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript, and they approved it for publication.”
“Background Recently, antireflection (AR) techniques have been widely used in
various applications such as solar cells [1–3], electro-optical devices [4], sensors [5], and lenses [6] to significantly suppress the reflective loss at the interface of two media. In particular, in solar cells using crystalline silicon (Si) modules, AR has been a significant research focus due to the enhancement of photo-conversion either efficiency [1, 2]. Despite excellent conversion efficiency in crystalline Si solar cells, the high refractive index (n = 3.4) of Si has limited the efficient utilization of sunlight [7, 8]. This is because more than 30% of incident sunlight is scattered or reflected from the Si surface due to a large discontinuity of n between the air and Si interface. In order to reduce the reflection from the air-material interface, the n of the two media should be similar or changed smoothly at the interface. Nature has its own strategy to effectively reduce reflection: for example, nanostructured surface on a moth eye [6, 9]. Such biological nanostructured surfaces can create a composite comprising air and a material, where n gradually changes from the air to the material because effective n depends on the volume fraction of the two media. Furthermore, it is important to note that moth eyes are satisfied that they have the optimal AR conditions using two-dimensional subwavelength structures [4, 10] and tapered morphologies [4, 11].