It is a sad story, reminiscent of the quip: déjà vu – all over again! “
“Orienting responses to audiovisual events have shorter reaction times and better accuracy and precision when images and sounds in the Proteasome cleavage environment are aligned in space and time. How the brain constructs an integrated audiovisual percept is a computational puzzle because the auditory and visual senses are represented in different reference frames: the retina encodes visual locations with respect to the eyes; whereas the sound localisation cues are referenced to the head.

In the well-known ventriloquist effect, the auditory spatial percept of the ventriloquist’s voice is attracted toward the synchronous visual image of the dummy, but does this visual bias on sound localisation operate in a common reference frame by correctly taking into account eye and head position? Here we studied this question by independently varying initial LGK-974 in vivo eye and head orientations, and the amount of audiovisual spatial mismatch. Human subjects pointed head and/or gaze to auditory targets in elevation, and were instructed to ignore co-occurring visual distracters. Results demonstrate that different initial head and eye orientations are accurately and appropriately incorporated into an audiovisual response. Effectively, sounds and images are perceptually fused according to their physical locations in space independent of an observer’s point of view. Implications for neurophysiological

findings and modelling efforts that aim to reconcile sensory and motor signals for goal-directed behaviour are discussed. “
“Many studies have shown that Parkinson’s disease

(PD) affects not only the ability to generate voluntary saccades but also the ability to suppress reflexive saccades (hyper-reflexivity). To further investigate these apparently contradictory effects of PD on the saccade system we adapted a well-known dual-task paradigm (Deubel, 2008) to measure saccades with and without a peripheral discrimination task. Previously we reported that the concurrent performance Cetuximab manufacturer of a perceptual discrimination task abnormally reduced the latencies of reflexive saccades in PD. Here we report the effects of the concurrent discrimination task on the generation of voluntary saccades in a PD and a control group. As expected, when saccades were performed without the discrimination task the PD group made voluntary saccades with longer latencies and smaller gain than the control group. The concurrent performance of the perceptual discrimination task facilitated the initiation of voluntary saccades in both groups, but, surprisingly, this facilitatory effect was stronger in the PD group than in the control group. In addition, in the PD group voluntary saccades were abnormally facilitated by the peripheral symbol-changes that occur during saccade planning in this paradigm. The results of this study may help to clarify apparently contradictory oculomotor abnormalities observed in PD.