Exhaustive swimming significantly (p <0.05) increased the MDA levels in control group, which indicates increased sacrolemma lipid peroxidation in muscle tissue. Exercise-induced elevation in MDA levels were significantly (p <0.05) attenuated in Rg1 group (Figure 2). However, no significant change in muscle protein carbonyl levels was noticed either by exhaustive exercise or by Rg1 treatment (Figure 3). Figure

2 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle MDA levels in exhaustive exercised rats. * indicates significant difference CH5183284 datasheet against control non-exercise group. # indicates significant Selleck Ro 61-8048 difference against control exercise group. Figure 3 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle PC levels in exhaustive exercised rats. The changes in GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio are shown in Figure 4A and 4B. Skeletal muscle GSH content was drastically (p <0.05) decreased after exhaustive exercise in control group. However, this decrease was not found in Rg1 pretreated exercised rats. Similarly, GSH/GSSG ratio was also decreased after exercise in control group. The loss PSI-7977 clinical trial in GSH/GSSG ratio was rescued in Rg1 pretreated exercised rats, and this was significantly higher compared to control exercised rats. Figure 4 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle GSH levels (A) and GSH/GSSG ratio (B) in exhaustive exercised rats.

* indicates significant difference against control non-exercise group. # indicates significant difference against control exercise group. Exhaustive exercise marginally (p <0.07) Rolziracetam decreased SOD activity in control group (Figure 5), but this decrease was not significant in Rg1 group. In contrast

to SOD results, CAT was increased significantly (p <0.05) after exhaustive exercise in control group compared to non-exercise rats (Figure 6). Rg1 treatment also increased CAT activity in non-exercise rats, while, no effect of Rg1 after exhaustive exercise. Figure 5 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle SOD activity in exhaustive exercised rats. Figure 6 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle CAT activity in exhaustive exercised rats. * indicates significant difference against control non-exercise group. † indicates significant difference against control non-exercise group. Exhaustive exercise significantly (p <0.05) increased the GPx activity in control group, but no change in Rg1 group (Figure 7A). Nevertheless, Rg1 alone increased the GPx activity in non-exercise rats. In contrast to GPx response, GR activity was not influenced by exhaustive exercise in control group, but increased in Rg1 group after exercise. This increase was statistically significant compared to control exercise rats (Figure 7B). Similar with GR, GST activity was also not influenced by exercise in control group, but increased after exercise in Rg1 group compared to control group (Figure 7C). Figure 7 Effect of Rg1 administration on muscle GPx (A), GR (B) and GST (C) activities in exhaustive exercised rats.