ebi.ac.uk). Amino acids shading was performed using BoxShade 3. As phospholipases play

an important role as bacterial virulence factors (Weltzien, 1979; Nishizuka, 1992; Vernon & Bell, 1992), we examined various phospholipase activities in M. hyorhinis. A rapid screening assay for PLC activity using the chromogenic learn more substrate pNP-PC as a water-soluble analog of phosphatidylcholine was first described by Kurioka & Matsuda (1976). The hydrolysis of this compound yields phosphorylcholine and a yellow pNP that can be measured spectroscopically (Kurioka & Matsuda, 1976; Shibata et al., 1995). This assay may serve as a rapid screening assay for PLC activity in mycoplasmas (De Silva & Quinn, 1987) and accordingly was used to show PLC activity in Ureaplasma urealyticum (De Silva & Quinn, 1986), Mycoplasma fermentans, and M. penetrans (Shibata et al., 1995). Indeed, when the release of pNP from pNP-PC was measured with M. hyorhinis cell extracts or membrane preparations, we detected a pronounced increase in absorbance owing to

the yellow color formed by the hydrolysis of pNP-PC. The hydrolysis of pNP-PC was affected by divalent cations, mainly by Mn+2 (20 mM), resulting in a fourfold increase in activity (Fig. 1). As expected, the activity was inhibited by EDTA (20 mM, data not shown). Attempts to support the assumption that the hydrolysis of pNP-PC represents PLC activity were made by following the formation of diglycerides in reaction mixtures containing M. hyorhinis lysates or membrane preparations with radiolabeled PG or with PC labeled by fluorescent NBD linked with

position 2 (C12-NBD-PC). Dasatinib manufacturer The reactions were carried out for extended periods of time (0–4 h) with or without divalent cations (10 mM) at 37 °C. The reaction mixtures were extracted and analyzed by TLC. The results did not show any accumulation of diglycerides (data not shown). Furthermore, as the genome of M. hyorhinis (strain MCLD) has been recently fully sequenced and annotated (Kornspan et al., 2011), the genome was analyzed in silico for PLC. We failed to identify PLC but revealed the presence of a PLC-like GPD (GenBank accession Tau-protein kinase no. AEC45694.1). Little is known about the role of GPD in the biology and pathophysiology of mycoplasmas. In M. pneumoniae, the glycerol-3-phosphate formed by an active GPD (GlpQ, GenBank accession no. NP_110108.1, Schmidl et al., 2011) is oxidized by glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide, the major virulence factor responsible for the cytotoxicity of this organism (Schmidl et al., 2011). Furthermore, it was suggested that the GPD of M. pneumoniae acts as a trigger enzyme that measures the availability of its product glycerol-3-phosphate and uses this information to differentially control gene expression (Schmidl et al., 2011). Our analysis of the M.