e. three-bottle free choice).

Topiramate treatment produced a modest, but persistent GDC-0449 manufacturer (average of 5 days), reduction in ethanol consumption in P rats, and this

effect did not vary with level of consumption. Topiramate did not affect ethanol consumption in either group of Wistar rats.

The results from this study establish in a rodent model that topiramate effectively and persistently reduces ethanol consumption and suggests that its efficacy may depend on genetic vulnerability but not level of drinking.”
“Cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage and other brain insults trigger neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampal subgranular zone, and newly formed blood vessels promote the migration of these new neuronal cells to damaged brain regions. The molecular steps involved in brain injury-induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis are

unclear. Here we used a rat model of collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to examine whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a zinc endopeptidase that regulates growth factor levels during recovery from brain injury, is involved in neurogenesis and angiogenesis following ICH. Induction of ICH led to significant increases in the levels of MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), as well as in the numbers of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive PFT�� ic50 cells, in the ipsilateral brain. Intracerebroventricular DOK2 injection of MMP-9 siRNA reduced these ICH-induced increases. These findings suggest that MMP-9 may promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis

during recovery from ICH. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A large-scale pandemic could cause severe health, social, and economic impacts. The recent 2009 H1N1 pandemic confirmed the need for mitigation strategies that are cost-effective and easy to implement. Typically, in the early stages of a pandemic, as seen with pandemic (H1N1) 2009, vaccines and antivirals may be limited or non-existent, resulting in the need for non-pharmaceutical strategies to reduce the spread of disease and the economic impact. We construct and analyze a mathematical model for a population comprised of three different age groups and assume that some individuals wear facemasks. We then quantify the impact facemasks could have had on the spread of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and examine their cost effectiveness. Our analyses show that an unmitigated pandemic could result in losses of nearly $832 billion in the United States during the length of the pandemic. Based on present value of future earnings, hospital costs, and lost income estimates due to illness, this study estimates that the use of facemasks by 10%, 25%, and 50% of the population could reduce economic losses by $478 billion, $570 billion, and $573 billion, respectively.