Antibody activity against the C. d. collilineatus, C. d. cascavella and C. d. marajoensis venoms were found with all the antivenoms, although those venoms were not used in the immunization schedules (with the exception of C. d. collilineatus, which was

used in the Instituto Butantan’s immunization schedule). The antibody affinity for C. d. terrificus crude venom, crotoxin and PLA2 was evaluated by ELISA with the addition of KSCN in increasing concentrations as this website a chaotropic agent ( Fig. 5). The antivenoms provided by the Instituto Butantan showed the highest affinity for the antigens used. The affinity scores from the three Experimental Groups were lower, and there was no difference between them. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) of C. d. terrificus venoms was calculated to be 1.2 μg per animal. Neutralizing activity was assessed by injecting Swiss mice (18–20 g) with serial dilutions of antivenoms and 5 LD50 of venom, and neutralization

was calculated by probit analysis. Results are expressed as the volume of antivenom (mL) required to neutralize 1 mg of venom ( Fig. 6). Antivenom and plasma provided by the Instituto Butantan showed a great neutralizing capacity, with 2.18 mL and 2.42 mL check details required to neutralize 1 mg of venom, respectively. Plasma from Experimental Group 1 displayed a low neutralizing action, with 6.15 mL required to neutralize the venom. Plasma from Experimental Group 2 showed the highest neutralization capacity among the three Experimental Groups, although it was still lower than the commercial antivenoms, requiring 3.80 mL to neutralize 1 mg of venom. Plasma from Experimental Group 3 showed the lowest neutralizing capacity, with 6.68 mL needed to neutralize the venom. Using the in vivo neutralization selleck kinase inhibitor data and the protein concentration of the antivenoms, we were able to calculate the specific activity against C. d. terrificus venom ( Table 1). The production of anti-snake venom antibodies

to treat victims bitten by venomous snakes was originally developed in France at the Institute Pasteur (Calmette, 1894) and later developed and greatly expanded by Vital Brazil (Brazil, 1901, 1903). Crude venoms and horses were the immunogens and animals producing the antibodies, respectively. Once the antivenom effectiveness was demonstrated, the original procedure, although preserved in essence, evolved as dictated by progress in fields such as carbohydrate, lipid, and protein chemistry and basic immunology. For example, the serum protein cleavage by pepsin (Pope, 1936), with the clear objective of reducing the amount of heterologous protein injection into the victims. In addition to cleaving several non-antibody proteins, pepsin cleaves the Fc region of the IgG molecule generating a single, active, bivalent antigen-binding fragment, F(ab′)2 (Nisonoff et al., 1960).