Among them, the most significant inhibition was observed in DC-FcγRIIb (Fig. 5B). Similarly, natural IC/Ig pretreatment significantly inhibited the LPS-induced TNF-α secretion from the three types of DCs. Among them, the most significant inhibition was observed in DC-FcγRIIb (Fig. 5B). Therefore, the results indicated that DC-FcγRIIb display more potent tolerogenic properties once stimulated with IC/Ig. Since IC could inhibit the maturation of FcγRIIb-overexpressing immature DCs, we further observed the effect of IC on DC-mediated T-cell proliferation. IC-stimulated DCs or GFP-expressing DCs (DC-GFP) significantly induced the proliferation of antigen-specific

T cells; in contrast, IC-stimulated DC-FcγRIIb significantly inhibited the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells (Fig. 6A). Furthermore, IC stimulation could promote DC-FcγRIIb to Venetoclax in vitro produce more PGE2 than DCs or DC-GFP (Fig. 6B). Interestingly, the hyporesponsiveness of CD4+ T cells disappeared when IC-stimulated DC-FcγRIIb were pretreated by celecoxib. Addition of exogenous PGE2 together with celecoxib Selleck AUY-922 significantly restored the response of CD4+KJ1.26+ T cells in this system (Fig. 6C). Thus, IC-stimulated DC-FcγRIIb induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness more significantly via more induction of PGE2. Considering that

high level of circulating IC are present in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice, we wondered whether in vivo infusion with DC-FcγRIIb could attenuate lupus progression. We observed that adoptively transferred DCs had a rapid reduction after 2 wk of injection, then decreased slowly, and could be detectable even after 4 wk in B6/lpr mice (Supporting Information Fig. 4). MRL/lpr mice (4-wk-old) were i.p. administered with a single dose of 2×106 DCs, DC-GFP or DC-FcγRIIb respectively. At the age of 12 wk, serum autoantibodies, including ANAs, anti-DNA, and anti-chromatin

histones, were evaluated. MRL/lpr mice that received DC-GFP or DCs had significant increases in serum ANA, anti-dsDNA, Sucrase anti-ssDNA, anti-chromatin histone 1, 2A and 2B than MRL/lpr mice that received DC-FcγRIIb (Fig. 7A and B). We also measured the levels of Ig subclasses in these mice, however, no significant differences of serum IgG1, IgG2a and IgM were found (data not shown). Thus, infusion with DC-FcγRIIb markedly inhibited production of autoantibodies in MRL/lpr mice. The mortality caused by lupus is a result of renal failure caused by IC deposition. The kidney sections were prepared from MRL/lpr mice at the age of 30 wk for measurement of IC deposition and histological evaluation. MRL/lpr mice received DC-GFP or DCs had obviously IC deposition in the kidneys, whereas MRL/lpr mice received DC-FcγRIIb had minimal IC deposition (Fig. 7C).