accompanied, or followed by laterally

presented, task-irrelevant accessory stimuli Targets presented simultaneously with a lateral accessory evoked, despite physical asymmetry, a bilateral, symmetric N1 Targets that followed the accessory evoked, despite physical symmetry, an asymmetric N1, with a maximum contralateral to the accessory N1 Thus, lateralizations in the N1 range already reflect relative spatial coding rather than just the processing of the absolute location of incoming information”
“The cancer selleck chemicals stem cell (CSC) hypothesis states that only a small fraction of a malignant cell population is responsible for tumor growth and relapse. Understanding the relationships between CSC dynamics and cancer progression may contribute to improvements in cancer treatment. Analysis of a simple discrete mathematical model has suggested that homeostasis in developing tissues is governed by a “”quorum sensing”" control mechanism, in Selonsertib molecular weight which stem cells differentiate or proliferate according to feedback they receive from neighboring cell populations. Further analysis of the same model has indicated that excessive stem cell proliferation leading to malignant transformation mainly results from altered sensitivity to such micro-environmental signals. Our aim in this work is to expand the analysis to the dynamics of established

populations of cancer cells and to examine possible therapeutic avenues for eliminating CSCs. The proposed model considers two populations of cells: CSCs, which can divide indefinitely, and differentiated cancer

cells, which do not divide and have a limited lifespan. We assume that total cell density has negative feedback on CSC proliferation and that high CSC density activates CSC differentiation. We show that neither stimulation Miconazole of CSC differentiation nor inhibition of CSC proliferation alone is sufficient for complete CSC elimination and cancer cure, since each of these two therapies affects a different subpopulation of CSCs. However, a combination of these two strategies can substantially reduce the population sizes and densities of all types of cancer cells. Therefore, we propose that in clinical trials, CSC differentiation therapy should only be examined in combination with chemotherapy. Our conclusions are corroborated by clinical experience with differentiating agents in acute promyelocytic leukemia and neuroblastoma. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice exhibit elevated extracellular dopamine levels in brain regions that include the striatum and the nucleus accumbens, but not the prefrontal cortex. DAT KO mice model some aspects of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia.