82 We then demonstrated that RTP4 was also expressed in the uterine endometrium, which was surprising because expression of this gene was initially thought to be confined to olfactory neurons. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with IFN-τ increased RTP4 expression by a cell line derived from the uterine glandular

epithelium.82 It is not difficult to imagine potential roles for a chemosensory receptor transporting protein in the uterus during early pregnancy because chemokines are proposed to aid in trophoblast attachment and invasion.36 The chemokine CXCL10 was upregulated in the endometrium of pregnant ewes, learn more and the receptor (CXCR3) was localized to the trophectoderm.83 Moreover, chemotaxis assays demonstrated that CXCL10 regulates migration and/or distribution of PBMC in the uterus during early pregnancy. Perhaps RTP4 affects chemokine receptors during early pregnancy to recruit immune cells to the pregnant endometrium.84 Further studies are needed to determine the role(s) of RTP4 in the endometrium during early pregnancy. What this experiment did reveal, however, was that gene expression in PBL during early pregnancy provided a novel and non-invasive mechanism to

identify new genes regulated in the uterus during early pregnancy. We hypothesize that by profiling gene expression patterns in PBL, we may be able to identify expression patterns associated with successful and unsuccessfully pregnancy outcome. By virtue of Paclitaxel the differences in placental structure check details and hormonal signaling from the conceptus, it is likely that early pregnancy in cattle and humans present some very unique challenges for the maternal immune system. However, examination of immune responses to early pregnancy in these species does suggest there are some similarities. This is especially the case during the very early stages of embryo development in the uterus prior to the formation of a functioning hemochorial placenta. During this stage of pregnancy, blastocysts of both species are dependent upon uterine secretions for nutrition, they both

must attach to the endometrial epithelium, and they first encounter the endometrial mucosal immune system. The idea that early pregnancy in humans and ruminants may share more similarities than later pregnancy is supported by the elegant work of Knox and Baker18 showing that genes involved in early placental development are evolutionarily ancient compared to those involved in mature placental function. Figure 1 illustrates that early conceptus-immune interactions occur on a background of a progesterone-primed endometrium that exhibits selective immunosuppression. Conceptuses of both species secrete factors that extend the lifespan of the CL, and these factors affect immune cell function in the endometrium and in the peripheral blood.