(1) Synchronous pairs of EPSPs or APSPs exhibited an elongation of their decay phase compared to singe EPSPs. (2) Asymmetries in the amplitudes between the pair of EPSPs added a “”hump”" to the smallest EPSP. (3) Modelling the inputs near the electrical synapse or anticipating the production of the transjunctional APSP increased the amplitude of the compound EPSP. The magnitude of all these changes depended on the coupling coefficient of the neurones. We also show that the hump improves the passive conduction of EPSPs by adding low frequency
BMS202 research buy components. The diverse effects of summation of local and alien EPSPs shown here endow electrically-coupled neurones with a wider repertoire of adjustable integrative possibilities. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Previous animal models of venous disease, while inducing venous hypertension and valvular insufficiency, do not produce C188-9 superficial varicose veins. In this study, we aimed to develop and characterize a pig-based model of superficial varicose veins.
Methods: Right femoral arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) were surgically fashioned in young adult pigs. Animals were examined at postoperative time’s up to 15 weeks to determine the development of varicose veins and measurement of both blood pressure and flow velocities within the superficial
thigh veins. Histology and vascular corrosion casts were used to characterize the resulting structural venous alterations. Porcine pathophysiological features were compared with those of human primary superficial varicose veins.
Results: Gross superficial varicosities developed over the ipsilateral medial thigh region after an initial lag period of 1-2 weeks. Veins demonstrated retrograde filling with valvular incompetence,
and a moderate, non-pulsatile, venous this website hypertension, which was altered by changes in posture and Valsalva. Venous blood flow velocities were elevated to 15-30 cm/s in varicose veins. Structurally, pig varicose veins were enlarged, tortuous, had valvular degeneration, and regions of focal medial atrophy with or without overlying intimal thickening.
Conclusions: The superficial varicose veins, which developed within this model, have a pathophysiology that is consistent with that observed in humans. The porcine femoral AVF model is proposed as a suitable experimental model to evaluate the pathobiology of superficial venous disease. It may also be suitable for the evaluation of treatment interventions including drug therapy. (J Vasc Surg 2009;49:1554-61.)”
“Extensive peripheral nerve injuries can result in the effective paralysis of the entire limb or distal portions of the limb. The major determinant of functional recovery after lesions in the peripheral nervous system is the accurate regeneration of axons to their original target end-organs.