In this work the authors study the fundamentals of cantilever dynamics and energy dissipation when soft cantilevers are driven at their second flexural eigenmode and interact with samples in liquid environments. Contrary to the conventional first eigenmode operation, second eigenmode operation in liquids is often dominated by a subharmonic response

(e.g., one tap every four drive cycles) and there is an energy transfer to the first eigenmode creating a new channel of energy dissipation and compositional contrast. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3457143]“
“The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for drug naphazoline (NAZ) have been synthesized by precipitation polymerization. click here The effect of the dispersive solvents dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (ACN), and Methanol (MeOH) on particle size and morphology of MIP (P1, P2, and P3) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The selectivity of P1, compared with nonimprinted polymer (NIP), C(8) and C(18) were evaluated via static adsorption using UV spectrophotometer. The result showed that the bond amount of P1 for NAZ was significantly higher than other sorbents. The Pi were applied as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) stationary phase to extract the NAZ from nasal drops and recoveries find more of more than 89% (relative standard deviations, RSD <5%) were obtained by high performance liquid chromatograph

(HPLC) analyses. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 881-886, 2010″
“Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Botzinger complex (BotC), pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) and rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG). The respiratory rhythm and inspiratory-expiratory patterns emerge from dynamic interactions

between: (i) excitatory neuron populations in the pre-BotC and rVRG active during inspiration that form inspiratory motor output; (ii) inhibitory neuron populations Baf-A1 in the pre-BotC that provide inspiratory inhibition within the network; and (iii) inhibitory populations in the BotC active during expiration that generate expiratory inhibition. Network interactions within these compartments along with intrinsic rhythmogenic properties of pre-BotC neurons form a hierarchy of multiple oscillatory mechanisms. The functional expression of these mechanisms is controlled by multiple drives from more rostral brainstem components, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus and pons, which regulate the dynamic behaviour of the core circuitry.